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Recently,COACH BACK PACKS, the Southeast Asian neighbors Myanmar armed conflict, the chaos continued until August 30 Fangcai gradually subsided, the domestic market has a number of jade chaos up.
jade market in Beijing, one of a three-story shop is located within a lower grade of jade bracelet prices are also 200m300 yuan / just about. shopkeepers admitted that the price is up more than a month ago, about 80 yuan. ” br> a lot of the highest level of “A file” Jade has been out of supplies, while Jade is also a general increase in middle and low hundred dollars or so. market, a jade business Hu said that Myanmar is commonly known as jade jade jade, 80% are produced in the region of Myanmar.
According to Beijing, a lot of small and medium vendors came from Yunnan, China, Guangzhou and other places into the cargo. because they do not purchase directly from Burma, so the onset of conflict in Myanmar, the market price of jade, and there is no too much volatility.
However, with the development of the situation in Myanmar jade supply is increasingly tight. “middle and low of it will be barely able to supply high-end, few are now.” Hu said, the war is likely to be affected border transport, result in some goods “merchandise in”. A file bracelet all the way up the price of 500 yuan / only.
connections in the business of local traffic congestion Burma jade sea transport safety
was removed in connection with the operation being Burma Jade business, Mr. Yao. Mr. Yao said that in this year’s outbreak of the conflict decisively, he went to Myanmar and Yangon area PHARKANT. but it has not been war-affected cities, but the individual sections of the traffic in northern mountainous areas hampered.
Mr. Yao said that in order to avoid the threat of war, they have taken to Guangzhou jade water transport, personal safety is no problem. But Yao worried that the conflict will affect the extraction, “in October there would be a big deal here,DOONEY BOURKE outlet, of assembly, want the price to can be stable. “Yao said.
trade associations only short-term fluctuations will soon be restored
China Gems & Jewelry Trade Association Development Department Ms. room, Myanmar jade origin mainly concentrated in the mountains of northern Burma. Burma more jade markets are concentrated in Mandalay, Yangon. These places are frequently visited by Chinese merchants region.
According to reports, in fact, from the courage of these places do not close, but many businessmen are worried that their own safety, fear of conflict, war, injury, thus affecting the jade trade.
But the official said that the jade market is currently affected only by short-term fluctuations, will soon be restored to the normal price trend up.
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In recent years, with the “Made in China” (MADE IN CHINA) industries, products marketed around the world, China-made weapons are also reversed the exports of the last century, the plight of 90 years in the international military trade market revival.
Reform and opening up more than 20 years in China, earth-shaking change is also reflected in exports of items. 80 years of the last century was the largest export of oil products in China, is now the world’s second largest oil importer, at the same time became the largest industrial products export country, and its total has reached the world’s 1 / 5, but due to technical content is not yet high profits is limited. In the weapons, China is by then the world’s sixth largest exporter, has become the second largest importing country, which in turn shows that low-tech equipment in the past no longer meet the needs of high-tech warfare.
recent years, the Chinese military industry has reversed the 90 years the situation of foreign sales have been low, FC1 Xiaolong fighter aircraft such as the high prices for export opened the sales of weapons, missiles, tanks and heavy artillery are also open up new markets. China’s arms sales by targeting not only the past, “small, poor, black” customers, but also knocking on the door to large number of generosity, such as Saudi Arabia that has been purchase of the US’s number one oil-rich Gulf of firearms, but also ordered the launch of China and Pakistan (in fact, by the Chinese R & D) of the tanks. past Soviet republic of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, the three Department of Defense March 16 this year, announced the three countries plan to when you set up your own tank to prepare the procurement-performance, simple operation, maintenance, low-cost Chinese ZTZ99 MBT. estimated that in the near future, as today’s international household goods, electrical appliances on the market flooded with “Made in China” China, like weapons also in the international arms trade on the market to become best-selling goods.
abandon the road of imitation
Soviet arms exports from the early 50s of last century to 80 years, the Chinese military production is basically in the Soviet Union aided design drawings of the business and Under the operation, the Soviet Union suspended aid to digestion after the premise was modest despite the improvements, which resulted in weapons technology, content and ever-widening gap between the West only in certain limited circumstances to open sales and unsustainable.
the beginning of the new China, Mao Zedong put forward the “improper arms dealers.” can not be a large number of self-produced in their own equipment, when an agreement in early 1950, Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese Patriotic Army (later changed to People’s Army) provided free of charge captured American equipment. Korean War, the Chinese again at half price bought two divisions of the Soviet Union sent to the Korean People’s Army weapons free. Stalin as leader of the international communist movement affected by this stimulation, also said that China’s foreign gifts Korea, Vietnam, weapons by the Soviet Union, to redouble their compensation, followed by China, presented a free 20 army divisions and equipment, the Yuan Chao, and aid to Vietnam to upgrade accordingly. This idealism mutual competition for the practice of generosity, coupled with the desire to strive to become centers of world revolution to China in the late 70s were previously provided free of charge according to political needs of foreign weapons.
1978, Deng Xiaoping became the core of the CPC’s leadership, in the face of external military industrial backs only give away the heavy burden of unproductive and sigh, said: “The ; It seems inappropriate Buxing Le arms dealers, “.1979 In the spring, China and Egypt signed a sale of F-7, that is, imitation Soviet-made MiG-21 fighter jets in a contract, take this as the beginning of the exportation of weapons, mostly replaced by valuation. Chinese military enterprises just to enter the market, the domestic manufacturing technology to stay in the fifties or sixties most of the standards of the Soviet aid to China, but encountered a favorable international environment for .80 era Soviet hegemony, military trade is mainly reflected the high quality, high-priced weapons competition, due to financial distress in many Asian and African countries want to buy quality, not high but low-cost application equipment, especially the Iraq war of attrition with Iran, a long-term need to add low-cost weapons. As a result, China’s use of cheap labor export imitation Soviet-style weapons, and Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Import the West is part of its improvement, thus creating more than one billion U.S. dollars a year on arms sales to share, jumping to sixth in the world, the foreign exchange also helped greatly reduced while the military was in trouble precisely because of the domestic military-industrial enterprises. ” br> 90 In the early Cold War, the international situation does not ease the moment the majority of developing countries to purchase low-end demand for weapons. in 1991 Gulf War, Saddam Hussein’s army in the thousands of vehicles and hundreds of Soviet-made tanks, planes fighter aircraft, high-tech equipment to combat the U.S. military, under almost no strength to fight back, or even the majority of hands and be destroyed, so that Chinese weapons, including Soviet-type equipment system, including the world’s reputation plummeted. into the 90’s, China’s weapons and the amount of Chupin dropped to an annual average of just over 100 million U.S. dollars, wants to hundreds of billions of dollars in the price of imported Russian equipment. This fact proves that want to puerile manner of weapons in the world market with low-end of the practice in the Cold War ended After the universal pursuit of high-tech equipment have been impossible situation.
shot way to improve technical content
since the mid-90s onwards, with ***, led by China’s leaders will win local wars under conditions of high-tech As the basic objective of national defense, weapons development is abandoned in the past based on large-scale war in pursuit of large-volume, low-cost ideas, emphasizing the development of high-tech equipment, and from national conditions at the same time strive to maintain the traditional advantages of low price.
international military conflicts after the Cold War, the main way to combat air strikes, ground the role of the traditional infantry weapons greatly reduced. Siwubaiyi current international dollars on an annual basis the amount of military trade, almost half of military aircraft, especially fighter aircraft deal , followed by combat ships at sea, guns, a type of weapon in many countries have been able to self-produced and not much room for profit. China in the international arms trade a larger share of the first military aircraft to fight the market, followed by to come up with to attract customers vessels, and only then by tanks, artillery and so on introduction of new products. enter the new century, Chinese arms sales to be able to open up a new, precisely is also based on military and foreign trade traction.
Since the nineties, the world market, mainly the formation of the United States military aircraft The F-15 and F-16, Russia’s Sukhoi and MiG-a 29, the French “Mirage” style “third world\lion, “can only squeeze a little gap. China’s traditional export products although the introduction of several J-1 7 improved, after all, is the post-war second-generation warplanes, compared with the third-generation fighters for almost 20 years behind in recent years, only Bangladesh, Nigeria, these countries also continue to buy point, sell a dozen or so each time frame, price is only 500 million per year .90 end of the decade, China’s production lines imported from Russia and began production of 27 other high-quality SU a third-generation fighter, but a commitment can only be exported to other countries for personal use shall not be conditional. self-made slow progress in F-1 10 and the success of the short-term inconvenience in the development of the export. In this situation, the Chinese aviation industry to export fighters, we must proceed from their own technical expertise, sights in the world market trends and national needs, develop a high performance, then fighting a low cost product.
by China independently designed and launched a joint venture with Pakistan, K-8 trainer aircraft, into a high technology content of the precursor to open outlets . machine sales in the past ten years more than a dozen Asian and African countries in March last year, Egypt also imported the production line and has produced 80, first full set of China’s aviation manufacturing technology and equipment export of China’s record of .2001 was reached with Pakistan to jointly develop a formal ( the joint venture, developed independently by China) FCl Xiaolong fighter contract, the successful first flight in 2003 prototype in 2005 in Chengdu and Pakistan have established a production line, mass production expected in 2007. this type of aircraft, although the operating system, the fuselage materials as simple and low-end technology, aerial performance, but enough to showdown with the mid-range third-generation fighter aircraft is configured according to user requirements can also change, resulting in price from 8 million U.S. dollars ranged from a 15 million U.S. dollars. with the United States F-16 minimum configuration also need 40 million U.S. dollars, SU 1 27 compared to 30 million U.S. dollars needed, FCl pairs of dozens of financial distress but developing countries need to replace planes with no small attraction. Although the United States and Russia battle for the market, “Owl Long “taken a number of restrictive measures is still optimistic about its prospects, especially through the Muslim world, Pakistan’s relationship marketing, is expected to become China’s number one foreign exchange earning big military.
China’s naval vessels for export, the past,COACH LUGGAGE BAGS, only a few hundred thousand unit to more than one million dollar missile boats and corvettes to the main, the object is only the Asian-African least developed countries, profit is limited. the United States, Russia, Britain, France and Germany, the export of destroyers, frigates and submarines, and price are the hundreds of millions of U.S. dollars. by digesting and absorbing advanced foreign technology and innovation,COACH BAGS, and then play to the advantages of low domestic shipbuilding prices, China to Thailand since 90 years in succession after the sale of 6 053 “Jiang Hu” class frigates, priced at around 50 million U.S. dollars. the Thai side after use assessment is that this type is the same level in Germany the price of 1 / 4 of their combat capability able to meet its Jiucheng. As a result, Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan and other countries have also come to order, so that China’s export of military products frigate another bright spot.
generally neglected in the developed countries such as artillery and conventional weapons, the Chinese military-industrial enterprises have also carried out using long-term accumulation of new technology development. PLZ45m155 introduced, such as export-oriented self-artillery weapons systems sold to Kuwait in 2002, a regiment was equipped with value of l million U.S. dollars, a good performance, user feedback, this oil-rich countries in the Middle East has aroused great repercussion and lead to a new order intention. To this end, China launched a new 155 Youxiang abroad on their own artillery weapons system, which is equipped with a range of 50 The bottom row of compound km extended range rocket artillery shells and high-speed traction control systems, auxiliary power on their own, highlighting the systematic and digital, into a complete system-on in today’s world, technologically advanced digital self-artillery weapons systems, so that the tree has gun to open new flowers.
excellent practical and easy to deploy tactical missiles, is China’s most successful weapons development, but many styles are available for customers to choose, now there are at least ten different types of missile exports to Middle Eastern countries. Last year, Malaysia Order China’s “Kay Mountain” anti-aircraft missiles as standard equipment, but also to open a new market in Southeast Asia.
sales in the tank, the Chinese military industry also began to bottom out, in addition to the old customers and strategic partners with joint marketing MBT Pakistan a 2000 tanks outside, the ED also of Thailand opened the market for 96-type tanks. In addition, China improved a variety of light weapons in order to cheap and quality characteristics in a very fierce competition has made Latin American countries to sell 97-style rifles success. In this way, China in the international arms trade, he also usher in a new wave, but also no longer be low-end products but as high-tech sales success.
the political situation in determining marketing strategies
the international arms trade is different from the general trade, in addition to technology, particularly close outside the block again with a strong political overtones, buyers and sellers are usually .90 to forge closer relations between the age of China’s foreign sales to drop sharply, in addition to the original performance of these weapons behind, the international political situation after the collapse of the Soviet Union reversal of the important factors. at that time the collapse of the former socialist countries have the case, many weapons in the original procurement of the Sino-Soviet countries have also changed to use the West of weapons, in order to politically aligned with. but 10 years, the United States hegemony in the international community resentment many many developing countries in the pursuit of a multipolar world, while also seeking to diversify sources of arms. the comprehensive strength of China’s rapid rise and rising, especially in industrial marketing in the world and changed the image of the past, low-grade, “Shenzhou” contains human spacecraft launch and other moves also show that the scientific and technological strength has enabled many countries to China with admiration, can break through the political obstruction to re-examine and purchase of military products.
2001 in Turkey to buy China’s WS-1 “guardian” rockets, in the NATO countries started the procurement of weapons to China’s record. After the United States to block Kuwait does not presume to buy Chinese self-propelled artillery, after Saudi Arabia in March of this year that they intended to order 150 main battle tanks and MBT-2000 Liang, along with accessories worth a total of six billion U.S. dollars. This is not only China and Pakistan’s military-industrial sector is a big business, but also Saudi Arabia, 90 years on the international arms market, the largest buyer of US-made equipment can be converted over the years, suppliers, itself a major political significance, and will bring a model. Recently Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, the three formerly Soviet Central Asian countries do not buy a Russian tanks have to buy 99 Chinese-style, both with a wish to get rid of Russian control of the political motives, but also indicates that China tank system performance and cost-effective has entered the forefront of the world.
In addition to China’s political influence to expand and enhance the technological level, the current world, most countries have entered a new generation main battle weapons and the early Cold War period of .90, and the situation on the relaxation of international development and procurement of new equipment have emerged in 10 years of light condition, particularly in developing countries in Asia and Africa have not made any purchase of new aircraft and main battle tanks, artillery, and have reduced their holdings. any weapon has a service duration of the current main battle equipment, large developing countries have a life span two to three decades, although the multi-use without a battle, but it appears inevitable natural aging and technological backwardness, its own nor the ability to produce high-tech equipment, the next few years to more than ten years of international military and trade market, is bound to expand. China can seize this opportunity, it will cause foreign arms sales rose to a new level. would like to achieve these key, but also is able to significantly enhance the military industrial enterprises, scientific and technological content of products and maintain the original Chinese weapons are relatively inexpensive advantage.
in the present and the future for quite some time, the majority of developing countries to choose weapons and equipment, the key is how strong operational performance, and price relatively low, with less attention to comfort and added control functions less important projects. For example, is now China’s international best-selling K-8 trainer aircraft while in some minor functionality compare with the western equivalent product, main function is not bad, and 4.4 million single-frame U.S. dollar lower in price by half. At present the Western countries in the high price of labor and raw materials, circumstances, want to develop both efficient introduction of another low-cost equipment is almost impossible, while China has a unique advantage in this regard.
Currently, China’s best-selling products for civilian use in the world is to play the advantages of military production is entirely possible to take this path. and domestic civilian vulnerable, like China there is the same core technology weapons and equipment controlled by others weaknesses, in addition to the past, “two bombs and one Star “missile developed based on such key items, but also rely on a number of important technologies introduced from Russia and other countries. In the future, self-development or joint development to compete with the United States and Europe the most advanced equipment, new weapons, will be the domestic military-industrial complex efforts focused on, but also expand the export of the most important safeguards.
experienced a tortuous development for many years in China, seizing more than 20 years of reform and opening up opportunity, economic development achievements have been acknowledged the world. China’s weapons development aspects of the situation once lagging behind, the current is changing, foreign sales to increase the quantity and quality speaks for itself. the country’s political influence and economic strength of the expansion will greatly promote the export of weapons. Chinese-made weapons in the international community to expand sales, will expand their political influence and strengthen the relationship with many country of purchase. This is both mutually reinforcing, it will undoubtedly irresistible trend of China’s rise.
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South Korean Navy’s Aegis destroyer, “King Sejong” simulated map
Aegis destroyer, “King Sejong” simulated map
recently held in Singapore in Asia 2007 International Maritime Defense Exhibition and Forum, came news that the next Asia-Pacific countries in the Navy 10 years, investment in construction costs will exceed the United States and European countries, Shanghai became the world’s largest market for military equipment procurement. but it is here where a big step beyond the construction of South Korean Navy is especially notable.
Korea, ” ; Aegis “destroyers powerful than Japan
It is reported that South Korean Navy’s first ship equipped with the” Aegis “guided missile destroyer combat system will be launched this month, South Korea became the U.S., Japan, Spain, Norway, after The world’s first five have “Aegis” destroyers of the country. The ship was named “King Sejong” was, is South Korea’s self-developed third-generation KDX destroyers, the first ship. South Korean media reported that, “Sejong King “was in March this year, compared with actual combat deployment of the latest Japanese-type” Atago “class Aegis destroyers system is more powerful than the United States has the world’s strongest performance.
Korea,” Chosun Ilbo, “revealed that “King Sejong the Great” was the main force than the U.S. Aegis destroyer mm “Ally. Arleigh Burke” class even greater 10%, also higher than Japan’s “Atago” class destroyers. It is superior strike capability,COACH WALLETS, equipped with 128 cruise missiles than the United States and Japan, 32 more destroyers.
learned that the “King Sejong” was the biggest advantage from the powerful SPY-1D (V5) radar and a variety of missiles and guns to build a triple air defense network. First of all, fixed on the hull on all sides, full coverage 360-degree “Aegis” radar as far as 1,000 kilometers at the same time, tracking about 900 aircraft. The radar can track and intercept ballistic missiles capacity.
detected incoming aerial targets, the “standard -2″ ship-to-air missiles may be right as far as 170 km away targets to combat. if there is no intercept is successful, the use of “Ram” missile for the first two-wave interception, as far as 9.6 kilometers in the Department respond to the invading enemy. Finally, the ship-borne cannon capable of firing intensive barrage formation to form a strong protective net at close range.
In addition, the “King Sejong” was also have other countries “Aegis” destroyers do not have a secret weapon, namely, South Korea developed its own 32 “Dragon” ship-to-ground cruise missiles and 12 anti-submarine missiles for submarines of the Chinese-made “Red Shark” .
At the same time, South Korea has built a new conventional submarine will be launched early in June. According to South Korea’s Defense Acquisition Board on Defense, ship diesel-powered submarines, a displacement of 1,800 tons, named “Zheng He to “号. Koryo Dynasty, Zheng He to be a well-known military generals in the battle against the Japanese navy scored a series of important military victory.
” Zheng land “South Korea’s well-known 214 number is the first submarine two. this type of submarine stealth-performance, but also used the modern “air-independent power plants” (AIP) system, submersible significantly longer time, comparable to a small nuclear-powered submarines.
2020, completed the strategic mobility fleet <br "After the 90s of the last century, South Korea continue to develop new naval surface and underwater combat ships to the large-scale, high-speed and the direction of missile development, and accelerated by the" coastal defense "to" offshore defense "transformation.
In fact, the ship will soon be launched just a part of South Korea’s naval modernization effort. Over the past ten years time, South Korean navy has been successively owned three first and six second-generation KDX destroyers, and relying on German Type 209 submarines built 9 “Zhang Bao-gao” class submarines. The most embodies the future development direction of the South Korean navy is just this month unveiled the 14000-ton “Dokdo” was a large landing ship. Some analysts have pointed out that “Dokdo” was in Spain because of its tonnage than the Royal Thai Navy to build a “poor John Kerry. Nalvbeite” aircraft carrier was even greater, with as large as an aircraft carrier flight deck, can carry the Navy-type “Joint Strike Fighter\; destroyers, 12 5,000-ton South Korean destroyer (KDX-Ⅱ), and composed of two amphibious landing ships. Meanwhile, South Korea military also decided that starting in 2012, and then the construction of six 214 submarines by 2020, to have 18 the size of submarines. In addition, South Korean navy is also pushing forward the construction of three more than 214 larger, more powerful next-generation 3,000-ton submarine program.
strengthen the Navy intended to strengthen the Navy in Japan,COACH Handbag, South Korea
construction, in addition to a on the protection of offshore oil lifeline to promote “independent national defense” needs, in large part to counter the expansion of Japanese sea power.
recent years, the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force a variety of new surface ships and submarines continuously available put into service, especially with the “Aegis” system, “King Kong” level and “Atago”-class destroyer a big shock to the South Korean Navy, which really do not want South Korea and Japan in this respect between the gap too large. into the 21st century, Japan and the Republic of Korea Dokdo ownership of maritime delimitation disputes, oil and gas resources, the issue of maritime rights and interests such as discord and disputes continue, so often become a sea power, in these important areas of mutual struggle chips. Although the constraints of the two countries in the United States under a military conflict is unlikely, but South Korea, in the absence could compete with Japan’s sea power, they lost the right to negotiate with Japan and other status. ” br>相关的主题文章：

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United States National Security Affairs Fellow, Heritage Foundation Asian Studies Center Director Peter Brooks has stunned the &S226;, June 1, he published a new book, “Devil’s Triangle: Terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and rogue states “he presented, following the terrorism, the biggest threat facing the United States will be the foreign spy. And in that 141 countries, Brooks sets out ten spy on the U.S. intelligence spy, China, Russia, Cuba is once again crowned as the top three.
introduced, according to Brooks, these spies about two kinds of backgrounds mm were conservative and cutting-edge. However, regardless of which faction they are no longer limited to traditional espionage methods to embassy officials, consultants or the identity of trading partners activities, but rather turned to a more convenient, more subtle way. They are either deliberately close to defense officials, members of Congress and Capitol Hill staff taking information, or to migrants, visiting students, businessmen, scientists and researchers status into the United States spying and, sometimes, thus led, through further expansion of some people close to valuable intelligence target.
Zaibao “Chinese espionage threat theory”
in the 141 countries listed in Brooks Ten of the U.S. spy intelligence “spy country\the United States accounted for stolen information 60%.
Brooks said the United States should in particular “importance” of China, because China has become a United States spy the biggest threat to anti-spyware action. the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation said that “there are at least 3500 China l-class companies r settled in the United States, want to fight the idea of the U.S. intelligence community; In particular, some very good reputation of the company, they want to steal secrets purpose has been very obvious. “The FBI also claims that only in the U.S. Silicon Valley, China spy The number of annual 20% to 30% of the rate of rapid growth; At the same time, China has also used spies to steal information to establish an “unprecedented” military power.
Russia should rank after China, the highest in the “spy threat “to the list of second place. Brooks in his book that the former KGB agents, Russian President Vladimir Putin has been to keep in touch with the old men, and” business “very busy. But Russia is obviously” not the Chinese love to gather as high-tech intelligence , “but more likely to get the Pentagon’s military intelligence.
third on the list is Cuba. Brooks said, Havana (Cuba’s capital) on the U.S. spy operations are actually a kind of” defensive “behavior Their spies are mainly deep into Cuban-American community, spying on the United States against Cuba, and change attitudes, so as not to encounter, “the Bay of Pigs rebel” type of invasion of .1961 years, more than 1,400 fled to the United States in Cuba after the revolution of the Cuban exiles in the United States Central Intelligence Agency’s support, from Bay of Pigs landing, trying to create civil strife in Cuba to overthrow Castro, the results have been defeated in two days.
Iran also became the largest U.S. anti-espionage department of cardiac patients . However, according to Brooks, said Tehran over its nuclear process, only concerned about Washington’s attitude and the U.S. embargo against Iran’s fighter jets, cargo aircraft and other military equipment, spare parts, would like to inquire more information over these areas. Meanwhile, the United States suspect Iran is UN “diplomats” engaged in espionage activities,coach bags, such as video-recorded in New York City attractions and transport Chart picture shows the cover for spying, it has in the past few years, deported several Iranian diplomats.
not only so, Brooks said that many non-national character of the spy is also engaged in espionage activities in the United States. Brooks points out in particular the Lebanese Hezbollah and Palestinian Hamas, saying they are often in the United States to gather intelligence in order to prepare to attack the United States once their ” ; sponsor “Iran on the terrorist attacks.
motivation: the United States into a” Find the enemy “vicious circle
worth mentioning is that the U.S. Heritage Foundation, is a very prestigious and influential” ; think tank \to the more important role, often output “thinking\by the power of the community of like-minded initiatives, fund-raising and construction, their speech is basically to promote conservative ideas. Brooks is the representative in this respect, from his remarks is not difficult to see that he’s like a defender of the Cold War, and constantly declared that the Cold War confrontation with the United States and how the country is now against the United States, between the lines can be seen everywhere to defend the ideological position of the old Cold War; He also repeatedly mentioned the book, even though the FBI has done a lot of efforts, such as in 56 District offices have placed “anti-espionage officer” to strengthen co-operation with the Department of Defense contractors, or by guards, but clearly not enough, the United States need to invest more money and effort against espionage.
It should be noted that, Brooks This argument is exactly the needs of the United States. “Japan Times” carried an article on jokingly: The United States affirmed that peace is very boring, or why it is constantly looking for new enemies.
“Japan Times\after the Cold War, U.S. foreign policy is not to accept the peace, and stop meddling around the world, very large events and to reduce the U.S. military component. On the contrary, it continues to look for other enemies, Saddam Hussein and Iraq is a typical example of Today, Iran is also known as the new “concerned” about the focus.
the same time, the Pentagon has just released the latest on China’s military spending, the alarmist assessment. “Japan Times,” that if there is no “9 & S226 ; 11 \Wolfowitz’s hand once trumpeted in a Pentagon document on guard against “from its intention to become a larger regional or global role of potential competitors”.
US-China Economic and Security Review Commission held that ” ; China’s accelerated military modernization and growing threat to U.S. security interests in the Pacific. “Last year, the well-known U.S. magazine” Atlantic “had also published an article, said history shows that” if no war with China, a series of Cold War-style confrontation will be extended to several decades, this is the twenty-first century, a new military conflict “.
But these hysterical warnings seem very funny. Today’s China more prosperous than ever before, open and responsible, but Beijing, although not a close comrade in arms, but there is no hostility. the current situation calls for thoughtful and careful diplomacy, rather than self-righteousness to make threatening remarks.
analyst Ross &S226; munro, that the United States the biggest threat to Beijing “to dominate Asia’s largest strategy, so that the United States and China has a conflict of interest. “Washington should encourage cooperation with China’s private economic and cultural cooperation, to eliminate a large number of political color relations; Washington issues of common concern should be to seek cooperation with China, such as the Korean Peninsula stability; U.S. officials should speak frankly about nuclear proliferation and human rights issues, rather than the most controversial issues are also moved to the foreground. The most important is that the U.S. allies who should be responsible for their own defense.
“to Japan reported that, “said the US-China relationship is the next century’s most important bilateral relationship, this relationship depends largely on the development of cultural and political differences between the two countries to overcome the capacity of peaceful cooperation,Dooney Bourke, but the first step in co-operation is not to look for operations to Asia the enemy.
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Grateful to participate in CityWalker activities, click on to view your tracks! Zhuantie
the situation in the Sino-Indian border areas is the introduction of recent concern.
India announced more troops in the border area after China reacted strongly. But there are also commented that both China and India After the war are very restrained border movement of troops belong to the normal range. There are reports that China’s military surge in Sino-Indian border. 60000 more troops from India, China after the steady stream of military vehicles bound for the border near the disputed area, as well as in the Sino-Indian border close to closure.
*** reported that reported that China’s military power is superior to India. In addition to the railway makes the arrival of China’s military supplies across the border easily, located in Tibet’s Ali Prefecture of Shiquanhe airport up to 4500 meters the runway, you can take off and land fighters, bombers, transport planes and other Air Force operations and back-up aircraft, throughout the northern region of India at the airport within a radius of 1,000 kilometers, that is, completely within the scope of the Chinese Air Force combat.
“The Wall Street Journal “June 24, said a signed article, it appears side by side in China and India in the peaceful development, in fact the tension between the two sides has been increasing. In recent years, China’s actions in the border area heating, not only claimed to have sovereignty over the disputed territory, and pushed out as China’s economy and political influence of the increase, China has disputed area near the invasion of Sikkim, India also will be multiplied. China has systematically along the controversial the infrastructure development of the border, in this piece of land Huangji built road and rail, you can transport a large number of objects and forces.
“Wall Street Journal” said that India also will be announced on June 8 in the northeastern Assam surge, so that the number of troops increased to 10 million people, air force have also increased, effectively strengthened the military forces along the border with China. However, India’s “Institute for Defense Analysis,” Senior Fellow Penciuc Sitabudan that occurred in India-China boundary issue is just the norm, not the two sides are to enhance the tension.
He said: “India plans to mobilize 25000 Indian-Chinese border troops, but this unrelated to any political tensions. because a large number of troops deployed to Kashmir before, and now troops should return to their original positions. These forces could be stationed in a few years ago, where they were later sent to Kashmir, and now to go back to the India-China boundary. This is no tension between the two countries emerged. “
the Indian Institute for Defense Analysis, senior researcher also pointed out that Sino-Indian border in the military balance, China has always occupied an advantageous position for India’s move is very limited.
“China has all along been in a good position, both the military balance in the interest of China, China has been in the active position, while India’s response was very preliminary, is symbolic.”
Military commentator Andrei Chang said that he was in March this year, the Sino-Indian border and India visits, learned that India and China have military mobilization and deployment, but they are normal operations, there is no possibility of major military conflict. He believes that India-China borders on media exaggeration and hype of the problem too, India is also in the parliamentary elections the opposition used during the Sino-Indian border issue to attack the ruling party, exaggerating the border dispute, the issue of magnification, which he considered the election of a kinds of moves.
“Now I do not see in the Sino-Indian military on the risk of a major conflict. Basically, this process between the two sides in the current series of troop rotation in the activities and the Air Force redeployment activities are in the normal range. At the same time, India and China this year to strengthen the military cooperation and exchanges. Indian Air Force chief of staff, they were still held in November last year, in Zhuhai Air Show, on direct access to the Chinese. “
, said Andrei Chang Sino-Indian armed forces have been stepping up military rapid response capability, while the Indian army’s ability to respond better than China in the Tibet region’s military deployment status, because there is a plateau, while the topography of eastern India, the Indian army is relatively favorable. but he believes This does not mean that the Sino-Indian border issue on the existence of a military tensions.
“China and India to resolve the territorial issue in the basic positions and principles have been identified, that is, respect for the status quo. So, I think this should be shelved for quite some time, possible solutions like China and Russia, as smooth, but the framework of principles on the two sides have reached a consensus, that consensus so far, India and China are not overturned. “
He said that China and India are In the rising power, the two countries are in the rise of nationalist sentiment, the two governments want to present on the signing of the border agreement, the settlement of disputes will be difficult to achieve, because in the practice of making concessions on the territory may not be able to justify their own people. ” br> large number of troops stationed in Sikkim, India, North: from the Chinese city of Shigatse is only 120 kilometers
had always thought that the Indian armed forces will never take the effort of main battle tanks and transferred to the forefront of the North Sikkim. because in addition to one outside the border of tin were the main 5000-6500 meters above sea level the snow steep mountains. reinstall the Group can not be crossed, do not need to reinstall any group to defend. but that exceptions place, Sikkim side, the Tibetan language is called “Tsuemudokqi, Drainage Kita g Song “in Chinese is called did more than the mother river, the Indian military build-up of the new T-72 stationed in the river’s source. snowmelt in the region of convergence of the gentle mountain valley, with a total area of 30 square kilometers of soil hardness there are fall and winter quarters for spring reload Corps movement, a few kilometers north of the region, that is the lowest elevation of tin border, the terrain of the most slow, snow shortest border pass. mainly from the north, west and east valleys composed of three flat, the average trough width of 0.7 kilometers, 1.5 kilometers at its widest point, the East (inline Yadong), the North two broad flat valley, suitable for the rapid adoption of the Army heavy equipment units, the West Valley hills are more suitable only for lightly armed troops.
trumpet topographic map ” br> our most troublesome is that the middle of the most spacious north valley is completely controlled by the TNI, the actual exit the valley north of the border are also 4 kilometers. The salient is the famous “finger area – Sok Let A \and the Sino-Indian border best suited to armored units of the pass through, as from the west is the Himalayan main vein, can be seen everywhere peaks above 7,000 meters, not to mention mobile patrol units, while the east elevation of wheat lines was low, but the high mountain valley There is no motor to speak of the deep. across the board is only assembled here by the most appropriate and immediately available to troops launched into the Great Plains area. That is why I always say, any place where I saw the Sino-Indian border, tactical advantages of terrain completely In the Indian side, and these sites are also a top priority Sino-Indian border, 62-year conflict in Focus – Tawang in the wrong direction sodium county, eastern section of the mid-point of Mainling, Medog County, Gamba County search Gola. ak Saiqin I do not much understand each other, but there are jian, the terrain but so that the two sides are not profitable. our own is the overall strategic advantage. But whether this will ultimately win the interest, to see you play scale fighting, battle, or war. The first two, I do not think the PLA is able to easily win, but also on the current line of actual control perspective,coach handbags, the initial battle will be very big pressure on our side. our tactical and strategic advantages of the sole owner of the terrain In East Asia the bottom, you can cut across the board where the corridor of India, but then again, under the central government dares to fight a big commitment to make India into two parts dry children of war do?
India has just been transferred to North Sikkim T-72M1
transferred to Sikkim North T-72 tank regiment attached to the north of India No. 21 Army No. 31 heavy armored division, which is also the Indian Army, one of only three armored divisions. three armored divisions were the original the deployment of around 150 kilometers in New Delhi within a south Kashmir, one direction, a southwest direction. now for the first 31 to leave the heavy equipment division has become the only region in New Delhi, India armored units. divisional headquarters before the move to India – A Sam Binner ancient center of the corridor on the region, with the first 20 Mountain Division were in the same way. 31 with the first division with 21 Army northward along the 54th Infantry Division, which is only around the Sikh infantry divisions, There is also a A New Army 21 Mountain Division, part of the Indian Society for this year, one of five Mountain Division, and another two divisions into the Tawang direction, coordination has been stationed in the eastern part of bumdirla 3rd Army Command, 57th Mountain Division. on the the deployment of view, India’s north-east (China) have the same degree of attention to the border and even beyond the extent of the India-Pakistan border, if not the exercise, not to take an active offensive stance, I wonder if there are other reasons will enable the Indian Army main battle armor and infantry division Division co-forward, which is already far beyond the needs of the negotiating table.
Sikkim in Indian air force did not understand, but India’s only fully deployed m -25/35 headquarters in the north and east, the most cutting-edge is what I Last posted in the wrong direction off Tawang helicopter platform that county arrived I was wrong and that the county seat, 875 wangdon posts, unnamed lake, under armed police guard post time in 10 minutes. India’s Army Aviation forces of about 200 or so, but a full-time transport , repair and maintenance functions, there is no attack helicopters, the Air Force there are a certain number of heavy transport helicopters. Sikkim surrounding Takenao forces could be assembled within a half-day to the northern part of Sikkim.
India’s 27th Mountain Division
Sikkim in India as a full member of the main forces India’s first 33 Army. including defensive back just returned from Kashmir, Sikkim, North 27th Mountain Division, Central Gangtok Sikkim around the 17th Mountain Division and the 20th Mountain Division South. I have always believed that India and armored units will be concentrated in the surrounding Gangtok to Assam corridors, with 17 divisions, 20 divisions (and now the 54 Infantry Division) coordinated operation aimed at mobile response may enter East Asia,NEW COACH HANDBAGS, Lanzhou and Chengdu, 14 army aviation army. But now it appears that this Some kinds of over-estimated our commitment to the idea, while underestimating the ambitions of India. with the Indian Army “Hold-&-Strike; Contain-&-Attack” core founding principle of this view, once the war breaks out it can not take the initiative to contain ( Indian word for the contain) East Asia, the People’s Liberation Army, or he does not worry about the main force will enter East Asia, he entered Sikkim reload force itself is superfluous, not to mention out of the mountain is also open to the Tibetan border on the plains . may be to look again to leave the East Asia saw them, he could at the 驻锡 grams of force main straight, and Assam under the cover of the Air Force broke into the Tibetan hinterland in one breath, advantages in the suppression of the Air Force (Indian word for the pin down) our small number of armored units at the same time, ground forces can be hidden back in full swing, the vast plains of the most suitable for their army building guidelines in the traditional choice-point attacks, this series of actions are aligned together, the Indian Army is the core of the tactical manual, if from Sikkim North speaker Huokou entry:
1: direct access to surrounding area 2600 square kilometers, roughly rectangular plateau of desert and hills, the Indian breakthrough in the middle east quadrangle bottom line, the northernmost wilderness 75 kilometers away from Shigatse city, the district is already Saga Prefecture and the junction of Shigatse city, and thus to Xigaze seasonal dirt road, but the relative elevation of the surrounding mountains is not high, mountain dwarf valley wide, a few, but to the number of road you can drive straight after the Tibet Center.
2 : In the desert plains to the 75 km due west of 219/318 (east-west) Dingjie County branch of the National Highway Route (north-south) to 55 kilometers due east to State Road 219, Yadong County branch of the route (north-south). Under the common people saying that these two road is the only one in the region known as the “road” road, but also our traffic manuals, self-driving tour books that uniquely identifies a path. occupy these two directions around the area, the entire post-Tibet areas will fall into the enemy, while the Indian Army, once penetrated, in the case of resistance, not 2 hours can be arrived three hours to cut off Tibet artery.
Dingjie, Xigaze direction
3: along the northern foot of Himalayan Plain eastward movement, the way all the desert plateau, 60 kilometers east immediately after the East Asia “Peninsula” and the rear completely cut off, the move if this has become, the PLA will be north frontier closed, 100 km corridor and northeast states of India southern Tibet, India and even the troops would henceforth never to worry about.
Shigatse and Yadong
brief chat about the direction of our situation, the specific designation and strength of the border I will not say. India is a positive breakthrough in our army in 2007 in Army fans in the waves of the word “tower of regional self-defense Dixon war” exercises to simulate the target, but the last of a group army exercise location, away from the battlefield tower Dixon 1,600 km straight-line distance inland a place, and the terrain, climate is completely different exercises for the red clay of high hills forests, simulated battlefield conditions for the desert wilderness to low hill; a typical Army combat terrain, a standard in accordance with Rommel can be called “marine operations” of the vast open desert area , in public, there are still a few air force photo wearing masks, it is not anti-chemical, but the simulated high-altitude oxygen masks, followed by dense woods is on the map actually write “so and so in a certain place self-defense battle determined to map “like the title of this officer is to give a view on top of performances, I really do not know that the exercise training driving skills, in addition, are there any sense. unless the status of a simulated exercise, not a tower of Dixon, but Tucker Morrison 50 km south of Sikkim inland.
last time I had the wrong point of view need to be corrected, I thought that, “Jackson Tower” exercise no tanks to participate, but actually there is a certain regiment of Chengdu, T-59D, B Army, multi-T-59 for the armored vehicles and change. Although more than half of Black Hawk were given to Chengdu, but it is Army Aviation is still the weakest of all military regions.
Why Indian post-invasion resistance? According to the current situation in perspective, decision-makers do not believe that the Sino-Indian border, at least in the region would be above the division level tower Dixon fight, nor will it be an armored division. the last exercise, only a B Force, the Army Aviation Brigade and pitiful. The Indian breakthrough in the surrounding within a radius of 300 km only Xigaze airport renovation is expected to be completed in 2010, far beyond the 1000 kilometers Ali did not cover the Aksai Chin was originally completed in the direction of the airport, but due to relatively high altitude in Tibet set off bombs in five airports Minimum quantity is not possible to reload the enemy army in central Tibet, after the implementation of any effective attack. Thus far in the Yalu River Valley in Zambia cloth Gonggar Airport in Lhasa has become the latest battle is the only way into the airport, and the The only advantage of the airport is that it, like all airports in Tibet, tightly attached to the east-west under the northern foot of the mountains in order to prevent the South incoming missile. Every time a 360-degree turn when the flight from Lhasa on the Po valley ya preparing to land when the river valley , looking close to the northern slope of Mount Gala under the Lhasa airport, and around the tourists in mind in addition to the same excitement, but also silently thank the original designer’s thoughtful.
in Lhasa, Tibet’s highest concentration of troops stationed around the city, Second, Nyingchi. due to topographical reasons, only one road from Lhasa to the airport a good 99 kilometers mountain, another plus a Gala Cairn Tunnel and the Lhasa River, two Yajiang Bridge, at any point be destroyed, the airport traffic will be completely interrupted, the airport itself, at least in the Within a day doing nothing, broke into the possession of the south Indian Army can have at least 24 hours of the regional air; It is gratifying that the airport is currently dedicated road from Lhasa to konggar has been started, is expected to be completed by 2012 will be 99 kilometers shortened to 60 kilometers. ” br> Tibet from Lhasa to Shigatse, after 320 km, 318-line midway 1 / 3 distance completely hidden in a small canyon in the Yalu praise fabric will not be attacked, but the Xigaze east 1 / 3 distance (included in the construction of the airport Shigatse, Tibet the longest runway), and Lasaxinan (up to Qüxü County) 1 / 3 the average width of 9 km distance to the open valley and can easily be covered by a missile. Qushui Lhasa over the direction of a bridge and highway will be connected with the Lhasa airport road, here is the Yajiang Lhasa River and the intersection point is the middle of geography, but also the heart of strategic facilities in Tibet can be said that after the possession of such a large Maekura geographical concept is only so a Qushui bridge connected, so although there is attraction, but regardless of all the black days White Nights stopping the bridge and get off without permission, without permission, driving at night without lights or open-high light who guard battalion soldiers fired directly.
or more open area in terms of a trip, or on the map and photos. At the same time because of the distance over the border mountains far, India is not an advanced tactical missile forces in these zones can play an even greater advantage, will also enhance its ability to damage.
Now comes an article on the Indian operations, often with the words “occupied our high \there is no tactical advantage, 90 percent higher in the Indian system of hands; air force to rely on a few airports, Pui Shan built a big advantage, but the oxygen is thin, the more the longer runway to the west at higher altitudes, even into battle all airports in Tibet When an effective coverage of Indian missiles, Tibet airports by 20%. It also is not Millington airport operational date of spring, summer and autumn very little cloud cover there is no flights on weekdays. relative side, the Indian Army in the southern foot of Himalayan airports throughout, free from any climatic conditions, constraints can be straight into combat, once a large-scale fighting. Besides the Indian Army Yang Gong, this is more simple and rather offensive and defensive areas, where they occupy the system remains high, average, low-post 100 meters, for example, the direction of Tawang Cona County; they could not place large-scale offensive that we can not large-scale offensive, such as Millington, tile alley, Aksai Chin; they could easily assembled armored groups, attack the place, we can only passive defense, such as the tin Dixon Tower and next to the border check Gola East Asia. I have said so many pessimistic here, or would like to mention, our strategic and tactical terrain Double Excellence, and inserts the knife the heart of India, that is, the bottom of the Yadong, if here a open, cut off India, the Indian army has no advantages in other areas, across the board collapse, but this depends on the size of a campaign to resolve the above, and strength to Lanzhou and Chengdu, where it is almost all down to.
from our side that the deployment of basically can be seen that the garrison in Tibet, or to comply with national policy to maintain stability as the primary purpose of the external orientation is mainly Tawang. Ali, southwest, is “I’m castle mountain view,” the person had to do , a fire (not fire), two brigades facing the Indian front-line at least 5 Mountain Division, an armored division, a mechanized infantry division, first Shousuobingli is yes, and Xinjiang almost. not much to say. ” br> Finally back to the beginning of the article, the Indian Army 31 Armored Division, under the muzzle Gamba County. Indian tank regiment stationed in the reason for this is that our attempt to break into Tibet’s fingers back to this area, ignoring India’s sovereignty, because the we were there to “steal” to build highways, across the entire finger zone, also called the Indian Army to blow up the pass where all the defensive rock. Our side of this argument has yet to respond. regardless of the genuineness of these little tricks, India, the T-72 to open to the door came, and was also uncharacteristically modest to say that “ordinary rotations\rose to 780 horsepower engine from a 1000 horsepower, the Indian Army a total of 1400 improved T-72M1, the other 300 did not upgrade, in addition to at least 300 T-90 in the north, other data do not clear the mind. We exercise ration tower Dixon’s T-56 be changed, do not know where.
Gamba County farmers harvested
in the area due to a vast territory, our forces have been patrolling is not enough, there is always Gamba County, a person with duty at the Armed Forces Departments , and even there are many Tibetan women militia.
Gamba County border patrol militia
through India this year’s series of moves, I think he wanted to rob before his death in the 14 Dalai Lama in Tibet come up with some large static and dynamic years, in order to get more in the area of tangible benefits. this country, or every country around China is not seen the fist does not shut up. is the old saying, these countries received no education in the Spring and Autumn and moral edification, there is no virtue and humility to speak of . let India honest point methods, the most effective is to Chengdu and Lanzhou person B class army of a rapid reaction army all the way or another, Ali hinterland, joint field exercises, Chengdu person A class army into East Asia has made great fanfare south trend, Just east of Tawang and the defense can be, even if some broke into the Indian army, topography does not make them a big as.
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China’s Military: positive interaction with the world
Yang Yi
The world today is experiencing the most profound post-Cold War changes. In a globalized, information-based, driven by two new major factors, the international strategic structure is undergoing intense turbulence, while the global financial crisis, economic crisis, exacerbated by a major reorganization of the international strategic situation and large adjustments. for a long period of time, the international mechanisms and international regimes will continue to be dominated by Western countries. But with the emerging economies, showed the rise of mass and the strategic position of the rise in Europe and the United States in the heart of the strategic position and influence would inevitably falls. currently raging global economic crisis on the world’s political power structure of the pattern, the international financial system, economic and social development model such as the formation of an unprecedented impact on , and triggered by changes in the international strategic pattern is likely to exceed the scope and breadth of the Soviet Union, Cold War-induced changes in the political map of the international strategy.
to adapt to the changing role of China
formulated by Comrade Deng Xiaoping, three-step according to development strategy, mid-21st century, China will reach the level of moderately developed countries in the world. Recalling the 30 years of reform and opening up the great achievements and look at the turmoil in the world China’s booming trend, we have reason to believe that this great strategy Goals may be ahead of schedule.
today’s world statesmen and strategic decision-makers, whether they like Chinese, regardless of a handful of people with a political bias is difficult to change, can not deny the fact that China is the rise. how to deal with the rise of China and how China’s rise in the tide as possible to prevent an adverse impact, while maximizing the strategic interests of countries in the world is becoming, especially the major strategic forces policy makers to seriously think about an important issue.
reform and opening up, China’s international role has undergone major changes, from a backward step by step into a developing country and emerging regional and world affairs increasingly important influence in the country; from outside the international system In the opponents gradually become a participant and transformation of persons, from the past by the international community ignored and occasionally draw on the object to become not only being taken seriously, was to draw on the same time to prevent and restrict the object.
Looking ahead, China’s international role is bound to a new round of changes. in the next round of changes in the pattern of international forces, China’s supporting role within the international system will gradually become a main character or sub-characters; from global influence into a regional power with significant influence global power; from a large population, a major political and economic power into a comprehensive large and powerful nations.
changes in China’s international role of the moment, an important issue has been brought up mm how to adapt to the changes in China’s international role? Here there was not only the international community for China’s new international role of the recognition and adaptation problems also exist in China how to adapt to his new role, and thus changing the mentality and self-adjustment or behavioral problems.
*** “security dilemma” become China’s urgent strategic issues
China’s peaceful development has to stand at a new historical starting point. China’s central government on the world political arena both opportunities and challenges. China’s national security faces two challenges at home and abroad will be sudden amplification. previously played as a less prominent role, may be less concerned about the audience, and now an important role as a center stage, China won the acclaim and the “hooting” are growing.
for our domestic issues, Wen Jiabao Prime Minister of the problems and achievements of China’s 1.3 billion people use the figures to do, “multiplication” and do “division” thinking, very insightful description of the special nature of the China factor, and its influence on the world. Although the We have made remarkable achievements, but it must be soberly aware that we are faced with unprecedented opportunities, challenges are also unprecedented. the CPC Central Committee put forward the scientific development concept to guide the building of the grand goal of a socialist well-off society on the road there are many difficult to avoid obstacles and difficulties. We are uneven domestic regional development, a new social class differences and the demands of vulnerable groups, intensification of strategic resource shortage and material needs of ever-widening gap, high-speed deterioration of the contradiction between development and environmental protection, population growth, burden and the challenges of an aging population, the urgency of political reform and social stability of the fragile nature of conflicts, social unrest caused actual and potential triggers can not be ignored.
factors that are equally complex and changing challenges abroad. The world attention to China’s growing power and influence at the same time pay more attention to how China will use their power and influence. History has repeatedly shown that the rise of a great power could never be done overnight, you need to overcome various difficulties and contradictions in the process can be finally realized. As a a big socialist country, China’s rise to face than the other rising powers in history is more complex, “the rise of the plight.” socialism with Chinese characteristics can be effectively resolved with Western ideology and Cold War mentality of confrontation with the hegemonic Chinese nation’s rejuvenation attempt to contain the protests and China’s rapid development with other countries in a conflict of interest and other major conflicts, whether we can break the history of the rise of great powers will inevitably lead to unrest in the international strategic structure, and even the law of the outbreak of military conflict, is placed in front of us first-class major issue. How to avoid a “security dilemma” is that we need to take seriously, this question time is running out, the pressure it increasingly difficult to cope with.
the tide of history to do to promote world peace and development, the backbone of
China’s reform and opening up until the 20th century, late 80’s, the West some of the politicians who used to think that China is likely to open doors while carrying out economic reforms gradually being transformed into a political convergence with the West country. Comrade Deng Xiaoping as China reform and opening up the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the successful practice of the basic line of people for those who have illusions shattered expectations; drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, letting them see the West prophet of hope, “China collapse theory” came into being . Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s speech in 1992, the South contributed to China’s reform and opening up the acceleration of high-speed trains, political stability, social stability and rapid economic development, China’s comprehensive national strength is rapidly increasing international influence, greatly increase the “China threat theory” noise again wave above the wave. the face of these noises, China will unswervingly stick to their own road, the momentum of China’s rise for those who attempt to contain China’s head hit a brick wall, so he tossed out the “China’s responsibility” ;. In this regard, China has no conflict, no confrontation, but confidently put forward a “peaceful rise” and “peaceful development” slogan.
in the current response to this global financial crisis and economic crisis, “China save the world” praise was rightly ringing with the response to global climate change “China’s primary responsibility,” the voices are worth our attention. we have to calm, to calm, to stick to their own way, follow the historical trend in the development of their own at the same time contribute to world peace.
with enhanced comprehensive strength of China’s growing contribution to the international community to actively participate in regional and global problems, from the six-party talks on North Korea nuclear issue led to the sending to the Middle East Special Envoy from the increase in Africa and other developing countries for economic cooperation into a permanent member of UN Security Council send troops to join peacekeeping force in the largest number of countries. both in the 1997 Asian financial crisis, but in 2008 began sweeping the global financial crisis, the Chinese have become important “regulator.” As the overall national strength, we Chinese should make greater contributions to human society.
to accelerate development and enhance its ability to advance transparency, promoting strategic mutual trust and
our China since it has been on the international stage, the center can no longer passively wait for opportunities and the opportunity to maintain a conservative, but to actively create opportunities. China’s new international role of the change is an irreversible trend, also need to ripe . The international community will use the new ruler to measure and looks forward to China as the same time, China should carry out all aspects of their own preparations. here raised an important issue of how China can be quickly integrated with global power capacity, at the same time because of their ability to prevent excessive growth caused other countries suspicion and even contain?
China as a responsible big country, should the international community and make greater contributions to mankind, and therefore need to build a status commensurate with the international a strong military force, both to safeguard the interests of national security and national development needs, but also to safeguard world peace and promoting common development. there is no one with the international role commensurate with its international obligations and a strong military power, can not ensure the country’s own security , but also far from peaceful development, let alone in promoting the building of a harmonious world in contributions to the international community expected the strength, but also means giving up the right of the international community and the historical responsibility of the cause of human progress.
, as is the process of national revival military force, the PLA shoulders the great and glorious historical mission. For this reason, the need to improve the military response to a variety of security threats, accomplishes diversified military tasks, the ability to not only be able to carry out resolutely safeguard national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of traditional tasks, but also be able to go abroad to contribute to safeguarding world peace. must be noted that capacity-building and responsible for our military mission there are still many gaps. With the powerful military strength, in order to allow potential adversaries will not dare to violate our core interests, with a strong military strength, that we can to make greater contributions to world peace. We believe that the CPC Central Committee and Central Military Commission, under the correct leadership, with the country’s economic strength and technological capabilities continue to improve our defense capabilities will continue to achieve leapfrog development.
in the rise in the process of development of China’s military power is apt to cause a strong suspicion of the outside world in recent years the “China threat” theory,coach bags, especially the “China military threat theory” noisy Voice of ups and downs from time to time, must be taken seriously,COACH HANDBAGS outlet, or they may be trapped in a “security dilemma.” We must not slow down because of someone else’s suspicion, or to give up their efforts to develop capabilities at the same time we must strive to avoid their own security environment worse. To this end, continuously enhance its military transparency, promoting strategic mutual trust is very important.
we must continue to enhance the strategic and transparent, China needs a more confident and open attitude to tell the international community, our strategic objectives? we have to righteously tell other countries, China’s national interests need to have a strong military power, national interests overseas expansion, the country’s economic development on the deepening dependence on the international sea lanes, the need of China’s development and possession of aircraft carriers and other large offshore operation platform. In this respect should not be cover cover cover, put their own weapons of large macro-development plan to tell others: There will be a build number of aircraft carriers, in general what size to maintain a strategic nuclear forces, China adheres to a defensive military strategy, and striking at the same time thinking, do not so that there is bullying China and any country can escape the illusion of punishment in China. in communication, we must frankly tell other countries, particularly the US-led Western countries, China’s military modernization is irresistible, blockade, sanctions and containment policy only to stimulate their military relations with China, toward the negative direction. welcomed and accepted by the rise of China’s military power is the only way out.
soon as we put this kind of “family property” bright and clear, people will no longer be casually suspicion, and the “China military threat theory” may also be falling tone, and even continue to exist, the market will grow smaller and smaller. This is the dialectics of the use in international relations.
(Author: The Chinese people People’s Liberation Army National Defense University)
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Preface: the changeable international situation, military hot spots kept in the dark. Early, “Liberation Army Daily” published an article called Dalian Naval Academy admitted their first year pilot captain course, many people based on this news finds that China is speeding up the development process of an aircraft carrier Some people even refer directly to the pilot, the captain of an aircraft carrier captain Ban Ban .9 28 Sing Tao Xinhua reported that, following Canada’s World Wide Web “** Defense Review Monthly,” reported the New China in the Yongxing Island, as well as large underground nuclear submarine base signals intelligence listening station, the American media once again for this rampant speculation, saying the Yongxing Island, the “unsinkable aircraft carrier at sea,” to monitor the movements of U.S. warships to reinforce Taiwan. “At the same time that the take-off from the Yongxing Island Su -27 and Su -30 fighter can “cover the whole South China Sea,” and after a series of related articles published in military enthusiasts at home and abroad has aroused widespread concern in the major media / Web forums have reproduced this message. ” br> Let’s start in December 2006 of the ((China’s National Defense in 2006 “white paper can be seen, China is still pursuing a” coastal defense “strategy. The 1997 edition of” military language “of China’s” offshore ” explanation is that: “the sea area near the land. China’s coastal waters, including the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and east part of the island of Taiwan waters.” And this interpretation of the actual area within the meaning of the so-called “first island chain “within the waters of the United States in 2006,” China Military Power Report, “and Japan, and Taiwan’s recent” National Defense Report “are recognition of China in the waters of the activity, and that China should break the” first island chain “on the need to develop strategic nuclear submarines and an aircraft carrier force, but in fact in the new threat environment, we should truly fulfill the “first island chain” within the “coastal defense” strategy, such large-scale naval forces in the development of potential inevitable. the development of an aircraft carrier, not just the aircraft carrier is an issue that is on behalf of a country’s image, as Vice-Chairman Liu also mentioned in the memoirs, an aircraft carrier on behalf of a country’s comprehensive strength, and is the country’s image, but it can actually be an enormous deterrent, the current complicated and changeable world situation is unlikely the outbreak of war in large part in military conflicts in many cases may be deployed aircraft carrier, it is possible to reach the enemy without fighting is the person soldiers, the situation! the same time, carriers are mobile bases, or a symbol of national strength. Although in modern warfare could become the main objective of an enemy attack, but it is a symbol of the deterrent effect is enormous, and can better safeguard the interests of our country ( in particular the interests of the oceans), according to China’s current economic strength, the network that put the world’s personal life, to see 1-2 aircraft carrier battle groups is feasible is also essential. national security, and have peace and assurance that 1.3 billion people, China can be Better to grow! forever stand among the nations of the world’s best!
Does the ROC should have an aircraft carrier? what should be the size of aircraft carrier battle groups to build it? I think it depends entirely on our national military strategy and the needs of maritime strategy, depends on the prosperity of China’s comprehensive national strength and technological level of development and the aircraft carrier in the future whether the role of naval warfare also can not be replaced by other weapons. Needless to say, an aircraft carrier in the development process of the country, it will run from all sides, all kinds of point of view, the key is to look at them objectively, dialectically, analyze them. The following network of the world will be presumptuous and try to see life from the current domestic carrier does not support the construction of China’s so-called “military experts” to refute a few of their point of view, because I not “military experts” (purely amateur military enthusiasts) is inevitable flaws or deficiencies in the article is also looking for massive numbers of visitors Fu Zheng Xie! also welcomed the various “military experts” to comment or refute Gentie. Thank you!
1 carrier useless
Internet Life to see the world first of all from our strategic development for the Navy since the Navy has always been my approach is a coastal defense strategy and have been pursued more than 30 years, in these 30 years, China’s domestic economic situation of the layout and surrounding and the international security environment has changed dramatically. Although in this period, I also made coastal defense strategy and a certain amount of adjustments, but these adjustments is more focused on the development of naval power. If you take into account the country’s growing external threat to me at sea the extrusion force development, “blue water navy,” the road may be more lengthy, which makes offshore defense strategy has become more realistic, but also will continue to insist on a longer time. now there are now an aircraft carrier in the vigorously developing countries still Study of more advanced next-generation aircraft carrier, there is no aircraft carriers would also like to have an aircraft carrier, only some of China’s “so-called military experts” consider themselves avant-garde thinking, thinking that dominated the last century aircraft carrier, which has been eliminated. But the fact is the aircraft carrier despite the is a product of mechanization and technology, but in today’s information age, is still dominant, but in the next hundred years period of time will never be eliminated. because of the presence of an aircraft carrier, a respect for the law of war, that is, land and air integration, if the There are oceans on the planet exists, there exists the meaning of an aircraft carrier, or Star Wars is only the plot of the movie only. now or in future wars must be the integration of sea and air and even space combat, if the shore-based naval air power can not guarantee formation of security, outer space can only be perceived, it will only developing aircraft carriers. So, the real point of view, considers that there is nothing to replace aircraft carriers, at least for now the real world, no, the Russians have done so once the.
last few years, despite the release of the U.S. Navy from time to time to reduce the number of aircraft carrier construction and development of small aircraft carrier of the wind, but in fact the United States remains in non-stop to build larger, more advanced aircraft carrier. the U.S. Navy’s Nimitz-class aircraft carrier in the last one, “George b George W. Bush “was on October 6, 2006 officially named and launched immediately after the start of the next-generation CVN-21 aircraft carrier construction. next-generation CVN-21 aircraft will use a number of the latest technology. However, the carrier most proud of the pen is that the aircraft carrier into the network-centric warfare system, the use of advanced command and control system the formation of surface warships, combat aircraft, AWACS, and other types of troops and weapons such as a set of synthetic organic combat system, the implementation of a variety of combat missions. and the fact that There are a lot of countries are fully committed to accelerating the pace of development of new aircraft carriers: increasing economic upturn in recent years, President Putin and Russia in the new commander of the Navy under the leadership of Masorin active propaganda, highlighting the construction of new aircraft carriers: it’s No. 1 The new carrier will be launched before 2011, the second ship will be commissioned in 2015, 2025, will have six. Britain and France in March 2006 an agreement reached by the aircraft carrier, the joint development of a displacement of 60,000 tons or more of the aircraft carrier , while the French PA2 aircraft carriers tend to increase the displacement of 7.5 million tons.’s most should arouse our vigilance in recent years in Japan, Korea and other countries have also launched the construction of the “quasi-aircraft carrier.” Although these warships away from the real aircraft carrier gap between the larger, but with space and can be modified using a variety of high-tech, has fully confirmed that the construction of the country is actively developing large aircraft carriers to pave the way and prepare.
this can be seen in the modern local war and future air and sea combat operations, the aircraft carrier will continue to be a can not be replaced, but can not go beyond sea combat platform. As we all know, modern and future naval warfare between the two sides against the more the performance of systems and systems for the contest between. In this carrier will continue among has always played a central role in most, accounting for the most critical nodes. aircraft carrier and its fleet will continue to receive high-speed development, to see ships from the current dominance is not the slightest sign of shake! the world, so many countries are making war aircraft carrier, tested benefits has been unclear in practice do?-made aircraft, building large aircraft, made of advanced aircraft engines, must show that year-made missiles plus one satellite, nuclear submarines of the courage and determination, against all odds, if the Chinese did not Zaochu 2 bombs and one satellite, nuclear submarines, the Chinese will have today’s international environment? you’re not strong everybody wants to bully you. to the great revitalization of the nation must build an aircraft carrier.
two land-weight, marine, supplemented by
Currently there are So part of the “military experts” that our country has traditionally been a continental country, China’s future military development must also adhere to the land as the most important, marine auxiliary. Internet in life to see the world opinion, this premise is in itself wrong! China 1.8 million km of coastline, more than 10,000 islands, more than 300 million square kilometers of maritime territory. In this sense, China should never be considered a continental country. In particular, the narrow north and south China Sea, East and West in-depth shallow, in the Pacific Ocean and adjacent sea area between the large number of island chains, Channel, showing the characteristics of semi-enclosed, and these strategic points, mostly in Japan, the United States, Russia and the ASEAN countries such as occupied by forces from a realistic layout of view, these countries and areas in the region on the surface and underwater forces deployed mostly against the Chinese Navy has started along the first island chain, causing me out of the ocean sea power system by the people; and I coastal defense strategy relying on the Yellow Sea, East China’s strategic depth shallow, so that our naval forces in the Sea activities are subject to more restrictive. but to change this situation, or break the United States known as the “unsinkable aircraft carrier” blocking China’s southeastern waters of the large islands, or the building of offshore deep in the long-term there is a large-scale sea power, in order to break through the first island chain into the ocean’s sea power block to provide support. China’s modern history of humiliation and not because China has no right to land, or a result of insufficient awareness of land rights, but precisely because China does not have maritime awareness caused. We do not conscious of the sea, but the threat is mostly from the sea, the result that the interests of our land has Diuguang. the sea is not washed out, land is also restrain. Great Wall has played the role of a do ? history, this is the case, today is the case, the future is so. Therefore, if China wants to develop its own, we must march toward the ocean.
three domestic economic conditions do not allow
There are also some people think that China’s current economic conditions do not allow, is too expensive! network personal view of life to see the world aircraft carrier built, is based on our country’s own strategic interests to be considered, not simply how much money. from our country’s current economic development trend, China’s marine economy Safety is the most important is also the weakest. (Looking at China’s recent history, we are deeply troubled by without a strong navy) China’s rapid economic rise is already a general trend, with the sea of China’s economic development of China’s economy (energy) dependence on the more come higher! so we must have a strong maritime forces to protect our maritime economic interests, it must build aircraft carriers, but also a symbol of an aircraft carrier is a big country, with even more aircraft carriers to strengthen our great-power status. even if built aircraft carrier will lead to a new round of “China threat” theory, but the comparison, the national development is more important, so an unnecessary fear that the army stopped the development of speech, the army is to develop,DOONEY BOURKE outlet, but also to develop better. say that again the weapon is for the military service, aircraft carrier, though offensive weapons, but as long as we adhere to a defensive national defense policy, does not infringe on other people, the aircraft carrier for us, is still defensive weapons! We now have the East China Sea there are issues such as the South China Sea Islands , the Taiwan issue and even a small Japan, Vietnam, and a few other small countries to compete with our islands and seabed resources, the present situation is even more should have a strong navy to defend our country, defend our peace-building, to defend our territorial integrity of . These are inseparable from a modern and powerful navy! if Taiwan is the U.S. and Japan devils control, it would mean that in our heads to their inhibitions on the Road to their fate lies in someone else’s hands, the future one should not re-appeared in China! we can only rely on themselves, do not count on any good-hearted imperialists would have us, we do not want to bully others, but do not want to be riding on the neck shit! or borrowed that Chairman Mao’s words: people do not make me, I no prisoners, if we are attacked we will certainly counterattack! our country should no longer what the so-called Taiwan issue, the Diaoyu Islands issue, what the South China Sea Islands to make any concessions! we Chinese people, even with the urgent need for a peaceful environment for economic development, but if someone wants to destroy us all this time, then our only option is to Juqi Qiang,coach factory outlet, forward red! you think about Power Allied Forces into China, the burned the Summer Palace, take the number of national treasures? how much compensation we are silver? If take a small part of the silver was the army’s horses, and sword replaced by red guns, the infantry spear all the replaced guns (rather than a god strike camp) I am afraid that there would be no such thing as a (then Secretary of State had made advanced weapons arming the whole army, but there is a lot of people opposed to – because it took a lot of silver, there is no …) were written in the history books, look through their own bar!
So from China’s economic construction and long-term perspective, have a strong deep-sea navy should be our national strategic part of the development, but also embodies the spirit of a part of the Chinese nation, of course, is the contempt for China’s development, whether the clowns in the past or the future force support points.
5 taboo in the so-called “China threat theory” ;
country there are some people taboo so-called “China threat theory” that if China chooses to build an aircraft carrier would cause dissatisfaction neighboring countries is not conducive to economic development is now! network to see life the world will wonder how nobody is saying that the U.S. threat, Russia threat, the Japanese threat, the German threat? China threat theory is not because China is too strong, on the contrary, is not strong enough. If China is not only a rich country but is a power, is a technological power, military power, then the the world, there would be no China threat theory of. the construction of an aircraft carrier is not to invade other countries, but rather a manifestation of an active breeding, as China’s economic development, we need to resist the enemy outside the gate, but also for those who dare to infringe our country and national interest of the group of countries and individuals when necessary to give and punishment, which is a permanent member of the United Nations should reflect the responsibilities and capabilities, but also to safeguard regional and world peace and an important guarantee. We can not say for everyone: Everyone should talk about rules of the game, otherwise I use the nuclear missiles, bomb you? has always been we just set our land borders, indeed has never been able to defend our vast territorial seas, it is because we have no ability to safeguard our territorial integrity. Therefore, I strongly recommend the construction of aircraft carrier should be going to good, bigger has to be new even to have our own innovation!
some Western media and organizations to spread the “China threat theory aircraft carrier” is a ludicrous proposition: in today’s world, there are nine countries have 26 aircraft carriers, have not heard of who is calling the “threat\containment of China’s road to the sea. As a result, they can take this kind of psychological tactics, and every time to scare the people around China as well as creating panic within the framework of a larger attempt to induce China to continue to stick to local national strategy and military strategy, while snuffed the seeds of the Chinese maritime awareness, delay the pace of China’s march toward the ocean, will China continue to shield, isolated in the marine and other large public space outside of the human. This is some of the current Western think-tanks that the strategy of choice for the lowest cost. We are people taboo ” China threat theory “This is a short-sighted view, ignores the complexity of today’s world and instability, in that although at this stage in our research and development stage, the more must take the importance of aircraft carriers, although the with the other branches of the military with a lack of experience, but what there is a process, not what is learned through actual practice, if he stubbornly thinking about the current difficulties and doing nothing, then I would like to be beaten is not far away from the the. say the missile is not the atomic bomb in our country from scratch and from quantity to quality changes. So, if we are not our ancestors have so kind of unimaginable daring spirit, we can have everywhere in the world today, enough to power a place? <br "There are small number of people say that the aircraft carrier is a live target, the aircraft carrier alone can not cope with any sea-air threats, the need for coordination in order to combat other ships, or fleets is incomplete. But those who say this, just ignore one important fact, the modern sea and air warfare is not conceivable without air supremacy, both surface ships or submarines underwater, in the absence of sea air is very risky to carry out the task. Some people say that I have made China more than the Aegis, but no amount of Zeus shield ship can only be a passive air, only air carrier was made possible by the initiative. is not a fleet of other ships to protect the aircraft carrier, on the contrary is a carrier to take off early warning aircraft, air fighters, anti-submarine aircraft and so provide a fleet of the most powerful protection. while also achieving long-range strike fleet to provide command, communications, target illumination, relay guide, etc.. carrier is the soul of the fleet, without the carrier's fleet is incomplete, no ability, no money did not say, and money had the ability to build aircraft carriers, it is the SB. invaded our country, we say that the Western powers Huyou carrier that bad and that bad, himself Waner Ming made, we say that the threat was to create a threat to … typical gangster mentality! ( fee if not a threat that is Chuihuo tube) in our country have never invade another country, but to understand the defense is based on based on the more effective offense and defense worked great potential is the ability to have a powerful long-range counter-attack, which requires us to research and development must be stepped up offensive long-range conventional weapons. these few years we should see the hegemony of the military every step of the development of the weak always have to think hard to engage in destruction, they are forced to occupy other countries in order to benefits and resources to do anything to create a casus belli, and even flagrant aggression against other countries, and this is the result of the weak and weak forces, these cases it not should arouse our serious attention? We Do not people from their sleep to come out?
hundred years of humiliation the Chinese history has proved that war does not depend on the repeated concessions could have been avoided, and peace is not won by never making compromises. the short term, has a carrier conducive to China’s successful completion of reunification of the motherland, safeguard the legitimate interests of the territorial sea rights and overseas; the long-term perspective, will enable China to take on greater responsibility for world peace! After nearly 30 years of China’s reform and opening up China’s international status of today’s huge increase in strength stronger by the day. the national interest to the global expansion, has with the country’s overall development strategy of the corresponding strength and national defense strength, to become a natural choice. whether or have and when to have aircraft carriers, although it is a matter of national policy-making departments, but in theory for the full peace and development, national revival of hope nationals, has become the national carrier will not only be proud of “national gold medal,” and also China has completed reunification of the motherland, has won international respect for the chips!
In conclusion we have to build an aircraft carrier, but also to build as early as in the context of sustainable build more. network to see the world as long as my life, a good grasp of the aircraft carrier development, the construction of The degrees always keep the economy on both the high-speed operation, and contribute to the growing strength of a strong national defense. In short, the development of an aircraft carrier is a big country can not be bypassed in the development process and can not avoid the reality of the problem, as long as the correct attitude toward it, develop it in a timely manner, you can while avoiding disadvantages, to obtain maximum benefit. If time, we are supporting China’s nuclear weapons, rather than a threat to regional and world peace, as China has with carriers to sign a limited long-range military delivery, the same it will only allow the region and the world a safer
background information: aircraft carrier battle groups with a strong attack and defense capabilities. with pairs of aircraft carrier battle groups, for example, commonly used with a three-layer fire: the first layer is outside the zone from the Aircraft Carrier 180-400 km. early warning planes, electronic warfare aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, ship-borne radar and attack submarines, the air, surface, underwater ongoing search. When they find incoming target, can be used ship-based attack aircraft, fighter aircraft, anti-submarine aircraft and so on land, air, surface and underwater targets at the same time launching an attack. The second layer is in the zone, 45-180 km away from the aircraft carrier. shipborne radar, sonar, and helicopters break the first line of defense against incoming targets to search and track , and may use cruise missiles, anti-ship missiles, anti-aircraft missiles and anti-submarine torpedoes, right intercepting incoming targets. The third layer of defense is mainly used for self-defense, use of tactical missiles, torpedoes and guns, etc., the short-range weapons, to attack targets in the final volley. In short, a huge aircraft carrier battle group could be called “floating fortresses on the sea\Operation Iraqi Freedom soldiers, the investigation report
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This article is taken from Jane’s No. 1 defense in 2006, Robert. CORNEAL the original, global defense User on Jun compiled. Starting in LONDON
http://mil.eastday.com/m/20070716/u1a2974316.html
After the Vietnamese People’s Army, which lasted a total of a decades-long war of liberation, civil war, as well as Cambodia and Laos after the military intervention, and now in full swing to the protection of national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the task of .2000, Vietnam continued to in accordance with its face the security situation and the characteristics of future high-examining the adjustment of military strategy, the implementation of “active defense” military strategy: the United States on a global scale potential enemies in order to “pose a threat to Vietnam’s neighboring big powers” for the region major combat object; to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity and the socialist system as the basic strategic objectives; to actively cope with local wars and armed conflicts, and resolutely against “peaceful evolution” as the military strategic principle; to the main forces, local forces and militia Self-Defense Forces three kinds of armed forces combined Dianmianjiehe, small and medium-scale focused on attacking the enemy attack and a broad combination of operational models to the armed forces as the main body against the enemy to play a full role in the establishment of “Regional Defense” system as a strategic tool . To this end, the newspaper that the army launched a full regularization of the building and basic military training, to meet the needs of army building.
Vietnamese Army soldiers to accept review
“national defense” policy
Vietnam to consolidate and strengthen the people’s armed forces as the backbone of the national defense and security of the cause of national defense and security, combine to continuously improve the military legal system, Vietnamese *** ideas on building national defense and policy institutionalized. strengthen *** the military, public security and national defense and security industry leaders, to strengthen national defense and security systems management. give full play to all the people and the political system, an integrated force, gradually increase the potential for national defense and security, establish a solid basis for the national defense.
adhere to national defense closely integrated with the economy, stressing the consolidation of national defense and economic development of Vietnam’s two major strategic tasks in the current state of peace, we should give priority to economic development, enhance overall national strength in Vietnam .1986 *** .1994 years of economic reforms launched in January, *** Vietnam formally establish the building of a national industrialization and economic modernization goals. Agriculture accounts for the proportion of gross domestic product, the changes reflect the results of Vietnam’s economic reforms, this share in 1987 to 40.6% from 2004 down to 21.8, industry from 28.4% to 40.1%, services from 31.1% to 38.2%. Asian Development Bank data show that in 1987, Vietnam’s GDP grew by 3.6%, but between 2000 and 2004 an average increase of 7.2%. economic growth for the military modernization to provide a strong impetus. Vietnam’s economic construction and development process, and gradually increase the proportion of investment in national defense construction, according to industrialization and modernization of the development process, gradually raise the level of modernization of the armed forces to improve the combat effectiveness of an integrated armed forces, quality.
to strive for foreign aid and to actively develop its own defense industry combined to continuously improve the modernization level of weaponry and equipment. emphasized the purchase of a large number of advanced equipment from abroad,COACH purses outlet, while actively developing its own defense industry, self-development of various weapons equipment. In 80 years, the newspaper that most of the equipment are from the former Soviet Union as a military aid supplies, an annual average of about 15 billion U.S. dollars, but by 1987, this assistance, the final stop. But Russia through foreign military sales to continue to Hanoi supply of weapons. other military equipment, sources of supply also includes the Czech Republic, India, France, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. Belarus, a number of companies and China’s North Industries Corporation have established representative offices in Hanoi, North Korea sold to the Russian Scud against to-surface missile and the “jiao” class mini-submarine. Belgium, Germany, Singapore, South Korea and the United Kingdom have begun to Vietnam’s defense market penetration. Israel has also sold equipment to the Vietnamese troops.
adhere to a combination of defense and foreign affairs. emphasized that to pursue “more friends and less enemies,” peace, pragmatic foreign policy line, the settlement of disputes through peaceful negotiations, insisting on all the world’s countries, especially neighboring countries, the development of friendly relations and cooperation for economic and national defense construction to create a secure external environment. Vietnam joined ASEAN in 1995, and the normalization of relations with the United States, making the growth of military forces in Vietnam did not bring fear to other countries.
adhere to the building by the standing army and reserve forces, a self-defense and public security forces to set up armed forces. focus on building a revolutionary, elite, normalization, and the gradual modernization of the People’s Army and the People’s Public Security; the same time building a strong reserve force, so that when war breaks out in time for the standing army of additional troops.
to enhance the military’s external and internal a double function. Externally, to resist aggression, defend the national independence, security, sovereignty and territorial integrity. Internally, the anti-subversive, defending *** and the socialist system, safeguard political stability; frustration aimed at harming national construction and development of the cause of a conspiracy sabotage activities to ensure social order and stability and security.
a new defense posture
80 late, with the relaxation of tension in the region, especially along the relaxation of tension in Sino-Vietnamese border, coupled with outstanding economic development and the implementation of Vietnam’s regional cooperation, Vietnam lost to Russia’s economic and military assistance to Vietnam it difficult to maintain a huge military expenditure, proposed streamlining and reorganization, staff reductions. The reorganization is characterized by a reduction in dependence on the regular Army, Navy and Air Force while strengthening the building.
newspaper that the work of disarmament since 1987. At first, the Second Plenary Session of the Sixth Communist Party of Vietnam decided to disarmament 400,000 people, accounting for about 1.26 million of the total Army 1/3.1988 years and further disarmament margin increased to 1 / 2, or 60 million people about. agencies and non-combat troops have been streamlined and consolidated in a large number of combat troops to undertake to engage in production and construction and reserve training mission, a number of operational establishment be revoked., according to the British International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates that in 1993, Vietnamese troops serving 48.4 million people, paramilitary force of 500 million people, reserve forces 300-400 million people. The total number of Army from 1988 to 110 million in cuts to 1993, 41.2 million people. navy and air force personnel has not diminished but rather its status, quality, and conditions have been upgraded and improved. Navy personnel accounts for the proportion of the total strength of the army from 6% to 9%. the proportion of Air Force personnel from 3.5% to 6%.
Vietnamese troops in the reduction of troops at the same time increase the defense budget, .1992, Vietnam and the Vietnamese National Assembly *** Central Committee agreed to increase the defense budget, which greatly promoted the process of military modernization.’s defense budget increased again in 1993, according to local intelligence agencies in an internal document, said Vietnam 1993 the defense budget is 305 million U.S. dollars, to 1994, increased to 435 million U.S. dollars, an increase of 49% .1995 years, the former Communist Party General Secretary Do Muoi public support to build a strong navy in order to better protect Vietnam’s “sovereignty, national interests, and marine natural resources. “In Vietnam, although all military aspects of national statistics are still top secret, but in 2004 the” National Defense White Paper “said the 2004 defense budget still accounted for in Vietnam 2.5% of gross domestic product, that is of about 1.15 billion U.S. dollars, with the United States Central Intelligence Agency in their published information provided by the same percentage as in 1998. However, the British-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates that in 2004 Vietnam’s national defense spending was 31.7 billion U.S. dollars, in 2005, 3.47 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 9.5%, which is provided by Hanoi three times that figure. It is an institution in Hanoi, Vietnam speculated that Vietnam may now be an annual value of procurement 300000000-400000000 U.S. dollars of equipment.
the external military cooperation, actively carry out military and diplomatic
Vietnamese troops. The current military and diplomatic work to high-level military exchanges as the core. the Vietnam War ended more than 30 years, the US-Vietnam military ties between the two countries gradually pick up, in the sensitive area of contact with the military has begun to restore military relations rapidly warming. US-Vietnamese military cooperation between the warming is due to mutual needs, especially in Washington has its strategic considerations. Vietnam’s strategic position in Southeast Asia the importance of .1992 in the United States closed its military bases in the Philippines after the In Southeast Asia, a small military facilities. Vietnam’s Cam Ranh Bay military base leased to Russia after 25 years to expire next year. Moscow, 300 million U.S. dollars a year because of an unbearable and decided to pay back rent in Vietnam. Russia’s withdrawal is undoubtedly the United States provided an opportunity to return to Cam Ranh Bay when he was Meifang Zhang .2000 years of Cohen’s first visit to Vietnam to open the bilateral military cooperation .2006 years of Donald Rumsfeld’s visit is to further expand military cooperation between the two countries opened up the road. and pull姆斯菲尔德 visit in this public statement: the United States ruled out the possibility of seeking to establish military bases in Vietnam, he said: “We have no access to military facilities in Vietnam, the plan.” Vietnamese Defense Minister Pham Van Tra, has openly said: “We welcome them (Americans) to help to modernize the People’s Army.” November 19, 2003, the United States, “Vandergrift” missile frigate on the 19th arrived in Ho Chi Minh City Saigon Port to begin Vietnam, a 4-day visit. This is the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the first time since the U.S. warship to visit Vietnam. Meanwhile, the U.S. military instructors will be sent to Vietnam, the newspaper that officers and soldiers on peacekeeping, counter-terrorism operations training, and where appropriate, to provide defensive weapon to enhance the combat effectiveness of the newspaper that the special forces. as a part of the consolidation of hegemony in Asia, U.S. strategic analysts have pointed out that the return to Vietnam not only to strengthen the U.S. military presence in Southeast Asia to expand its anti-terrorism front, but also to contain China militarily, purpose. But the official reiterated Vietnam’s Cam Ranh Bay not to be used for military purposes. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese leaders and the military hope to allow U.S. warships to use Cam Ranh Bay military facilities, to further improve the relationship between the two countries and two armies, and took the opportunity to the newspaper that the level of modernization to improve its strategic position in Southeast Asia. from the current point of view, between Vietnam and the United States there are still unresolved problems left over from the Vietnam War, long-term hostility and war has made Vietnamese hostility toward the United States disappeared, especially in Vietnam, the United States principles of “unilateral policies” is also skeptical, Hanoi may not be now agreed to allow U.S. troops to replace the Cam Ranh Bay base in Russia’s long-term lease, and the United States did not publicly make this request. possible approach is to conditionally allow the Vietnamese U.S. warships docked Cam Ranh Bay, while Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam will also be open to other foreign warships in order to show equality and openness. As for the future to return to Cam Ranh Bay, the United States can truly achieve the purpose, we should look at the evolution of international and regional situation in the U.S. and Vietnam relations developed.
Although the United States in 1994 lifted the economic sanctions on Vietnam, but still the policy since.1998 embargo against Vietnam, the United States has also blocked automotive engineering company in Singapore in Hanoi to upgrade M113 armored personnel carriers .2005 years, the United States to prevent the supply of the Czech Republic to Vietnam, “Vera” passive surveillance system.
2006 Nian 11 Yue 27 Ri Communist Party Politburo member, Secretary of Defense Feng Guangqing and Vietnam People’s Army Chief of Staff Nguyen Khac research with Chinese People’s Liberation Army Assistant Chief of General Staff Zhang Qinsheng the meeting said that the Vietnam-China traditional friendship between the two parties and the careful cultivation by several generations of leaders of the increasingly consolidated and developed. high-level exchanges between the two countries closer, the two sides in various fields have made good progress. Vietnam’s new collective leadership emphasis on relations between Vietnam and will do its utmost to consolidate and develop relations with China good-neighborly friendship and comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and constantly consolidate and develop friendly and cooperative relations between the two countries and their armed forces.
Zhang Qin-sheng says that at present, the Sino-Vietnamese relations are developing smoothly. deepening political mutual trust, fruitful economic and trade cooperation in international and regional affairs, in close coordination, in the field of national defense and army building, has also done good communication and cooperation. China is willing to work together with Vietnam, in order to consolidate and develop the bilateral good-neighborly friendship and comprehensive cooperation in maintaining regional peace and stability and promoting common development. Prior to this, Zhang Qin-sheng and the Vietnamese People’s Army Deputy Chief of Staff Nguyen Duc Cha held its second meeting of Sino-Vietnamese Ministry of National Defense defense and security consultations. the two sides on international and regional security issues and to strengthen friendly and cooperative relations between the two armies exchanged views.
newspaper that also attach importance to the military exchanges and other Asian countries, such as in November 2005, the newspaper that the active participation of countries in Southeast Asia held in Manila Alliance defense ministers and senior intelligence officials meeting. the newspaper that was also to participate in multilateral military contacts, the United States and Thailand in 2002, held in Thailand, “Cobra Gold” exercises and in 2004 the United States, South Korea and other five countries in South Korea held a “Pacific reach the “submarine rescue exercise, when Vietnamese troops when they sent military observers to the exercises.
according to Western diplomats, Vietnam, Haiti will be sent a military delegation to inspect local conditions, promise” when circumstances permit, “to send troops to participate in peacekeeping, Vietnamese troops for peacekeeping operations and expressed a strong interest in .2005 the end of the first newspaper that sent two armed forces have participated in peace operations in Australia military observer courses. the newspaper that some of the officers in the United Kingdom has also accepted a number of A similar training, and the United Kingdom on November 28, 2005 in Hanoi, organized a strategic level peacekeeping and seminars.
the size of the Army modernization
, although currently the Army has been greatly reduced, but still a considerable force. Its main task is to defend Vietnam’s mainland. Army most of the equipment can be traced back to the Second Indochina War, the Army continues to make such equipment in good condition at the same time, actively the implementation of a certain amount of force modernization.
In the armored forces, the Army in early 2005 seeking to purchase 150 Polish main battle tanks, as well as from Finland, purchasing a large quantity of old T-54/55 main battle tanks, these two transactions is currently pending a final decision. Meanwhile, the the Army also plans to armored main battle tanks and systems upgrades. Army originally planned to search for auto engineering company in Singapore to help upgrade 200 M113 armored personnel carriers, however, exert pressure on the United States, Singapore had to give up the upgrade program. More recently, South Korea’s Daewoo Heavy Industries, the Army re-ignite the Flame of Hope program, as the company upgraded a kind of army vehicle .2003 year in September Vietnam and Russia signed a contract worth 200 million U.S. dollars, Russia will provide at least can be equipped with two Vietnamese battalions of 12 sets of S-300PMUI air defense missile systems.
Currently, the Army also plans to purchase 122-mm towed artillery and a large number of 130-mm main gun. At the same time, Hungary has recently provided to the Army for a field test initial velocity of the radar measurement of shells, and the European defense electronics company Thales to provide thermal imaging devices for the Army to upgrade artillery platform.
of China’s North Industries Corporation to sell some of the Army artillery shells, small arms ammunition, and some military vehicles. The The company also helped build the Army in the local production of ammunition and heavy machine-gun facilities. Slovenia in 2004, sold two to the Army unit of 900 million floating bridge. Belgium, a company is helping the Army to upgrade 7.62-mm ammunition production facilities.
more Army special forces also helped to purchase some new equipment. For example, the purchase of the Army Special Forces from Croatia Uzi-type assault rifles and sniper rifles, get some from the United States to install a number of rocket-launch rocket system for loading vehicles.
navy’s modernization <br "For a long time, Vietnam has been pursuing a" North-South anti-attack, "the national military strategy. the Army receive adequate attention, but the Navy in Vietnam has been one to light equipment as the main shore-based sea power. Vietnamese Communist Party, after nine , in order to meet the needs of future operations, building a modern navy, to meet the needs of future operations, building a modern navy, to adjust its military strategy to "keep the sea into the land," and proposed a "defense in depth on the sea, to ease the land more defense in depth shallow "new security thinking. To this end, Vietnam developed a short, medium and long-term development plan of the Navy, has formulated the" 2000 Naval Weapons and Equipment Development Plan "and the" 21st Century Navy's development plan \a substantial increase in military spending, the Navy planned before 2005, transformation, updating military vessels, purchased a small missile boats to strengthen the domestic construction of warships, the progressive realization of part of the equipment modernization effort to improve the combat capabilities of its coastal waters; in 2010 before the efforts to increase of new vessels, the phasing out of existing equipment, the development of naval submarines and air forces, to the navy's modernization goal; in 2050 to form an independent away from the coast and three-dimensional fighting forces, the full realization of the Navy's standardized and modernized. and to allocate special funds for to develop and purchase new ships and other weapons and equipment, but also the construction and expansion of the Da Nang, Qui Nhon, Nha Trang, Cam Ranh, and several other major central and southern naval port and military operators sharing the port.
Vietnamese Navy’s “poison Spider “-class missile boats
To tie in with the Vietnamese army’s modernization process, the Vietnamese authorities and forces of the Navy personnel also conducted a large-scale restructuring. part of the old and the weak, the lack of professional knowledge out of the old military officers on active duty and those who have undergone formal training in military academies, with practical experience as a young officer positions, so that the contingent of officers realized the younger, better educated and professional. At present, a naval officer in Vietnam are mostly already have secondary or university education level. In order to comprehensively improve the quality of officers Vietnamese Navy to spend huge amounts of money at start-up institutions and training centers to a variety of professionals in the armed forces in a planned training. At the same time, Vietnam attaches great importance to naval forces at sea combat training courses a year alone or with other services the frequency of joint exercises ,Dooney Bourke Wallet, ranging from more than ten times as many as dozens of times. In recent years, across the sea, the Air Force has organized to defend the troops should be held to support the Nansha operations as the background of the larger sea-air joint combat exercises, the main topics of the exercises including: sea-air, to-ship attacks, anti-blockade, anti-air raid, electronic warfare and anti-landing. the exercise, the newspaper that also highlighted the electronic warfare maneuver has fully demonstrated the increasing emphasis on the more electronic warfare in the modern sea and air combat in the role. from Vietnam in recent years, the Navy’s exercise training situation, a number of major exercises with the exercise envisaged that the complexity of the participating troops and more arms full, and practice a long time and broad in scope, targeted and so on. In addition, the Vietnamese Navy program each year send a group of outstanding young officer to go abroad to study or studies.
Russian-made equipment in the Vietnamese Navy carrier-based anti-submarine aircraft
card -28 At present, the naval shipbuilding industry for the backward, infrastructure, equipment and technical strength weak situation, advocated the introduction of technology to enhance cooperation, joint production, to a variety of ways to achieve modernization of its equipment. alleged that the Navy is building 30-40 400-ton ships. In addition to install the German 16V4000 M90 engines for nearly three light cruisers completed , this type of ship is also equipped with the British Bridge Master E marine radar. alleged that the Navy will also “do good” (Petya)-class frigates to upgrade, but the specific plan is still unknown.
Navy will purchase 10-12 ships Svetlyak class fast attack / patrol boats, in 2002, the Navy has been purchased from Russia two of this type of vessel. Korea Navy has proposed to the Navy, a nominal fee to sell some of the dolphins / wildcat-class fast attack / patrol boats. Meanwhile, the Navy’s contacts with Poland and Ukraine, consultation purchase some other ships. Poland provided by the ships, including four “poisonous spider” (Gornik / Tarantul) class light cruisers and a Wodnyk class training vessel, 8 “pilica” (Pilica) class coastal patrol boats and a modified Obluze class large patrol craft. As Russia’s fifth largest arms buyer, Vietnam is a deep reliance on Russia. According to January 2006 of the “Jane’s Defense Weekly” reported that many of the Vietnamese Air Force, cutting-edge equipment from Russia. Vietnam has purchased from Russia, Soviet Union a 27SK/UBK fighter / attack aircraft and Su-m30MK multi-role fighter. In addition, Vietnam would also like to buy from Russia, m m28H, cards m31, Su m39, MiG m27MD and other advanced aircraft .2005 August, Russia has also provided Sm300PMU1 the Vietnamese anti-aircraft missiles. It is noteworthy that the 11661-type “Cheetah” 3.9 frigates of Russia The latest development of warships, with quite strong overall combat capability. will be delivered by 2010, the Vietnamese side of the 11661-type frigates that will significantly improve Vietnam’s large surface ships in the Navy a serious lack of status, its far from a comprehensive combat capability of the sea will also be significantly improved.
in the procurement of ships at the same time, the Navy is also building a large-scale coastal surveillance radar network. Thales company also sold to the Navy Department of short-range radar, 10-12. Navy also to the Czech Republic and Russia, the purchase of other types of radar. Hungary may be sold to the Navy’s radar system software and part of the radar system hardware. Navy may also seek to France, Poland, Russia and other countries purchase more than 20 sets of long-range radar.
modern
since the Air Force since the 90s, the Air Force’s aging equipment, problems have become increasingly prominent, but because of shortage of funds has not been able to develop weapons of mass destruction procurement plan. With Vietnam’s economic reform has achieved results, the Air Force to begin the modernization of the Air Force carried out. priorities is to improve and replace its fighter jets and air defense missiles .1995 to 1997 years, the Air Force purchased from Russia 12 SU -27SK/UBK fighters from Russia by the end of 2003 ordered four multi-purpose Su -30 fighter aircraft, ordered in 2003, the two S-300PMUI missile company, in which a company in the be delivered in August 2005. Since the facelift, the Air Force, there are already three Su -27 crash, including two pilots of the brain as a result of hypoxia. This has led to the Air Force efforts to provide pilot training, and plans to pilot purchasing a pressure tank.
Vietnamese Air Force’s Su -27 fighter squadrons
2003 years, the Air Force from the Czech Republic won the 10 L-39C trainer / light attack aircraft, and the Czech Republic is also provided to the Air Force Su-10 -22 to-ground attack aircraft, these planes are being repaired to Ukraine will be used to surface ship warfare. In addition, the Air Force is also the former Warsaw Pact countries in the treaty to seek Su -22 aircraft.
the Air Force is currently seeking new models to replace the 12 AN -26 transport planes, now Ho Chi Minh City to see someone SO -80 turboprop aircraft, which indicates that the Air Force Su -80 can be replaced by an 26.
the Air Force is also seeking to search and rescue aircraft, the Air Force is currently purchased from Poland 4 PZL W-3RM aircraft, while Air Force’s fleet of 12 Bell UH-1H helicopters upgraded. In addition In addition, the Air Force may also be from India, Poland and Ukraine purchasing a certain number of helicopters.
as enhance air defense capability Another important measure, the Vietnamese Air Force will buy a number of early warning aircraft, may choose to Russia’s “An -77\By 2010, Vietnam’s early warning may consist of 4 “An -77\The long-range radar, the current Air Force Sweden to provide a “giraffe” air defense radar system.
military production
Vietnam’s steel industry, machinery industry and vehicle manufacturing and backward, resulting in military-industrial defects. Vietnam’s consumer electronics industry backward, making the military industry in the modern communications, control, information processing technology, equipment, basically at the blank areas of production. For this reason, in recent years, Vietnam’s industrial production in raising the level of the entire country in the same time, attached great importance to the defense industry in the development and utilization of cutting-edge technology to the development of ordnance manufacturing, ammunition, industrial and military electronics industry as the focus of the development of the defense industry.
in machinery repair and manufacturing sector, the current enterprise-based and take their potential use, introduction of new technologies to expand the production scale and facilities of the means to ensure that they will gradually have the assembly, overhaul all types of weapons and equipment and development and production part of the light vehicles, heavy artillery, large-scale engineering machinery, helicopters and fighter jets (except for power systems and advanced electronic equipment,).
in the munitions industry , along with the development of petrochemical industry, will provide technical ammunition industrial base and new chemical materials, so that they will gradually with development and production of large-scale destruction of ammunition and general chemistry, the ability of special munitions.
in the electronics industry, changes in the current fragmentation of the various services into a system of their own state, the formation of a joint or total grasp the overall pattern and Technology Bureau, the establishment of new higher level of e-business technology to make it step by step with the production radar, radio transmitters and receivers, the capacity of carrier communication equipment .
the other hand, in order to reduce military spending and had to make some military-industrial enterprises in the guideline of both national defense and economic development policies under the guidance of the progressive introduction of some of the defense industry transition.
At present, Vietnam’s shipbuilding industry is still very backward, infrastructure, equipment and technical forces are relatively weak. However, Vietnam’s repair shipyard built 100-ton from the past can only be developed into a small fishing boat can be designed to support the construction of 1000 tons-class vessels. At present, Vietnam has designed and built 10 ships 1000 tons Class I carriers, 20 ships and some 100-ton coastal patrol boats assisted.
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In the new international situation, China’s rise as a power for peace is bound to face many of the rising power in history has not encountered a new problem. Certain forces will not be tolerated, or hate to see China become a power, even if the Chinese do not have the military action to clear away obstacles to peace and development, they may be a war imposed on China, or to take political, economic and diplomatic means must be sealed off to China. The most prominent is the border issue. with the countries bordering China’s land 14, the sea and the 6 countries across the sea. China’s contradictions and conflicts with its neighbors a great possibility,coach bags, the situation is very serious. China’s rise will inevitably want to face the threat of five aspects. switched 81.china.com
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one: from the threat of Taiwan independence. Historically, the Chinese nation, every strong and both are on the basis of national unity achieved. The Taiwan issue is left over from the civil war difficult problem. Historically, China has on several occasions that he would like to recover, due to obstruction by the United States has not been successful. Although the Government has changed the wording be changed by the liberation of Taiwan for peaceful reunification, but it has not renounce the use of force. Once the cross-strait situation out of control, occurred military conflict, the U.S. joined the war, it will turn into a war, which the Chinese nation and the PLA is a severe test. we have no choice but to confront this situation to the challenge. This aspect of the threat of the most realistic and urgent situation, we must shed their illusions about force, and effectively strengthen preparations for military struggle. switched 81.china.com
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2: Japan’s intention to occupy the East China Sea a threat to the Diaoyu Islands. Diaoyu Islands since ancient times Since that is our country’s inherent territory, this view is accepted by the international public opinion, and reflected in the post-World War II, a series of documents. Since Japan was a defeated country, there was no strength nor energy to compete with China on the island. However, he always thought that the strategic interests of the island on his great, can not be reconciled by our control of the island. After the construction of four or five decades after the war, as Japan’s national strength by leaps and bounds, especially in the East China Sea was found a large number of seabed resources, Japan’s ambition to dramatically expansion of delusion occupied our territory, steal our resources. while the United States in order to achieve curb China’s purpose of the actions of Japan acting with the acquiescence, most recently Japan and the U.S. in the Pacific, as well as a large-scale military exercises held in the East China Sea, that is, on ulterior motives, aimed at covering up. Japan has to go too far, and has reached the limit of our patience, the two warships and warplanes have also been repeated incidents of confrontation, the possibility of accidental discharge is very real. switched 81.china.com
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3: The Korean Peninsula situation became tense. Since the end of the war since the Korean War, should ease the situation on the peninsula, and we deal with North Korea in this regard grateful, in the Sino-Korean border We only have a few groups, Korean People’s Army as the actual border of our country, his team directly face the enormous military pressure on the U.S. military, so that our country has a buffer zone to strive for a period of several decades of peace-building, due to North Korea’s insecurity, want to be have nuclear weapons, resulting in deterioration of the situation, China should make full use of our influence to bring North Korea back to six-party talks, and strive to make the war, without a trace, after all, a dozen wars, unfavorable to us, otherwise we will have to to a Korean War and defending the country. switched 81.china.com
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4: South China Sea territories have been eroded. in the South China Sea, China’s sovereign rights in the event of further erode have occurred, also attempted to intervene in certain countries outside the South China Sea issue. in accordance with “United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea,” the provisions of a sea area of China belongs to 300 million square kilometers. However, in these waters, many existing regional and maritime neighbors conflicts and controversies, some of the islands have been China’s inherent flagrant occupation of neighboring countries, some of the sea, a serious violation of our sovereignty and maritime rights and interests I have are put to severe challenges. Spratly Islands by the hundreds of islands, reefs, sandbars, sand reef composition, One of the conditions were better suited to the garrison except Pacific reefs off the island, were Vietnam, the Philippines,Coach Sandals, Malaysia occupation. which have been invaded and occupied Vietnam, there are 29, the Philippines, there are nine occupied, Malaysia, there are five control, these countries no one without the background of the United States, so that our country then a legislator, hesitant. switched 81.china.com
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5: Sino-Indian border there are serious disputes. even after the border war, we have big Sheng, India defeated. However, due to topographical reasons, we actually do not account for any cheaper, but to secure the peace for decades, India did not dare to implement expansionist policy. Sino-Indian territorial dispute over the land boundary 125.5 thousand square kilometers . China’s actual control of more than 30,000 square kilometers, India de facto control over 90,000 square kilometers. Although both sides agreed to keep the line of actual control of regional peace and tranquility, but the negotiations on the border issue is not making progress. In recent years, with the India’s national strength, its domestic anti-China forces in the rise, and his imaginary enemy is China, the rise of China as India’s biggest obstacle. We can not wishful think India is that we cross the United States, a system of weights, we must guard against the Indian newspaper then revenge
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Shallow submarine is being quietly sailed
translated: Russia’s “Parade” magazine
Author: Alexander b Mozgovoi
compiled: Zhiyuan / Popovkin
abroad, many military experts believe that in the foreseeable future, within 500 nautical miles from the coast of shallow underwater area will become a major battleground. offensive side of the submarine will be in the region to conduct surveillance operations for one’s own strength surface support, special forces and navy marine transportation teams advance troops ashore, the use of cruise missiles to attack enemy targets on shore. while the defender will be used against enemy submarines in shallow water areas to conduct reconnaissance, attack enemy warships, laid mines and other obstacles.
in the United States, for shallow water operations, “Virginia” class nuclear submarine from the new generation of multi-column installed in 2004, of course, of the class can also carry out combat missions in the ocean waters, but its operations are mainly designed for the shallow. “Virginia” Class boats as a “Sea Wolf” class boats and developed low-cost alternative, because the latter single-vessel prices of more than 25 billion dollars. But in fact, despite the “Virginia” class boat extensive use of civilian technologies, but its price is still more than 20 billion U.S. dollars, and “Virginia” class boats are not equipped with shallow water needed in the operations side of the side firing weapons,Coach Boots, and therefore its operational effectiveness in the shallow water area can not be a qualitative leap forward. In order to be able to navigate difficult the higher the smooth carrying out offshore operations, the United States require new kinds of nuclear submarine’s arsenal must include unmanned underwater vehicle to carry out reconnaissance, mine clearance, mine clearance and other tasks, and plan to use the ASDS mini-submarine delivery of the SCS members. but, Most of these technologies and equipment in the development phase, and the cost of money.
the United States, “Virginia” class nuclear submarines. jpg (42.27 KB)
2009-1-2 21:48
But even submarines equipped with of such special technical equipment, can not ensure reliable way of winning control of shallow underwater area. the United States and British nuclear submarines in the Kosovo war and the war in Iraq has been able to succeed because the opponent has met with little resistance. while in the future military conflict at sea, this is similar to the range of the battlefield environment will be difficult to reproduce. while also taking into account the problem of insufficient number of submarines: As the cost is too high, the U.S. Navy ordered a temporary one year only, “Virginia” ; class nuclear submarine, but to replace the retired each year, “Los Angeles” class submarine, in fact in need orders for at least 2-3 boats per year. If even the rich and powerful complement to the United States for the ships feel cash-strapped, then other countries, more Needless to say the. Thus, a long time, the major naval power had been seeking more economical ways in shallow combat and weapons.
from the perspective of cost-effective, in the offshore gas power plants must use with the non-nuclear-powered submarines superior to nuclear submarines. France is currently being developed SMX-22 submarine systems. The system consists of three submarines: a displacement of 2750 tons of the NCW command of the submarine (NCW as “network-centric warfare” in English acronym), 2 displacement of 480 tons of mini-submarine warfare. commanding the submarine must use auxiliary power unit gas for delivery to the deployment of mini-submarines hidden waters, in accordance with operational planning and command headquarters for small submarine command, and the help of a computer network information organized and implemented in the shallow water area combat operations. In addition, can also use the “Storm Shadow” cruise missile attack enemy targets on shore, use torpedoes and missiles against the enemy to attack surface ships and submarines. but in the more distant future, can be realized With box torpedo tube-launched anti-aircraft missiles and to confront the threat from the air fleet of small attack submarines .2 is a shallow fighting protagonists, their task is to carry out reconnaissance, mine detection barriers, laying mines, the enemy to torpedo and missile attacks, for one’s own action to combat divers to provide protection, thus maximizing the attack from the sea for one’s own to create a favorable situation.
France SMX-22 submarine system concept map. jpg (20.09 KB)
2009 — 1-2 21:48
SMX-22 system design philosophy is not a French innovation, as early as World War II, Japan built a large number of mini-submarines and human torpedoes speaking. Of course, that their combat effectiveness is very low: In the attack on Pearl Hong Kong operation, its total A-pocket submarine or sunk, or because of navigation errors but no one to go back. U.S. Navy nuclear submarine capable of transporting DSRV many deep-sea devices and SDV Mk Ⅷ, ASDS mini-submarine-type (for transport divers). former Soviet Union and the Russian navy is also equipped with underwater vehicles and mini-submarine boat contained, such as 940,09774, and 09786-based specialty submarines. But the United States, Russia carried by submarines, submersibles and pocket submarines are all professional use of , while the SMX-22 system is a general-purpose mini-submarine warfare submarines, its scale and performance, and all active-duty mini-submarine is very different: its captain 35 meters, maximum underwater speed of 18 knots, the crew, the preparation of 10 people, is a real mini-submarine.
, but responsible for the development of the SMX-22 system, the company had never set foot in France’s DCN mini-submarine design and manufacturing area, therefore, the company will turn their attention to a small submarine design with rich experience in Russia ” Malachite “Marine machine-building Design Bureau in St. Petersburg. The design bureau in the last century, 25 years, has developed” than pulling fish “Class (865 type) mini-submarines. At present, the design bureau is developing a series of standard displacement of 130 ~ 1000 tons of mini-submarines, such as, П-130, П-170, than pull the fish-T, than pull the fish -2, П-550, П-650Э, П-750 and modified boat. these submarines with a series of shallow submarine features. which, while small, but the boat full range of weapons, torpedoes, mines a lot. The П-550, П-650Э, П-750 and other larger small tonnage of submarines can be equipped with cruise missiles. boat on the modern electronic equipment to ensure timely detection of targets and attack before the enemy. submarines noise, electromagnetic characteristics of the weak, has a good stealth nature. As a result of the arrangement of the nozzle can be turned to low-noise propeller and spare propulsion systems (by two outboard drive column formation), the submarine can be used for in-situ steering motor, has good maneuverability underwater. virtually all of its submarines in the series can be installed must aerodynamic devices, which can greatly enhance its underwater self-sustaining force. “malachite” Design Bureau of shallow submarine there is an important feature, namely the use of a high degree of operational control and automation. It is no accident, because “malachite” Design Bureau in the field of integrated automation leader in the submarine level is recognized by the world. 705 submarine design (NATO called “Alpha” class) The use of advanced control technology, the crew, only 18 people, which is unique in the world. ” br> “malachite” Design Bureau, the main operational area is the mini-submarine shallow waters and archipelagic waters, the crew was generally 4 to 9 people, very comfortable living environment. In addition to the preparation of the crew, it can also accommodate 6 of heavily armed combat divers. latent typically 200-300 m deep, life force of 2000 ~ 4500 nautical miles, self-sustaining force of 20 to 30 days and nights. to П-750-type boats, for example, the standard displacement of 950 tons (adding expire after the power plant of 1,000 tons), Length 62.4 meters, 6.4 meters in diameter hull, underwater maximum speed of 16 combat radius of 4,500 kilometers, can be a continuous underwater voyage 280 sea miles (adding expire after power plant 1200 sea miles), submerged 300 meters deep, self-force of 30 days and nights, the preparation of the crew 9 (another six combat divers). boats equipped four 533mm torpedo tubes, inter alia the torpedo can be launched cruise missiles, and the other there are eight 400mm anti-submarine torpedo tubes, four cruise missile vertical launcher, capable of firing a range of up to 300 km ЗМ-14Э-to-ground cruise missiles can carry a sink to the bottom mine (mine put in place an outboard device). that is, said that the boat can be used not only against attacks from the sea, but also pose a threat to the territory of the enemy, the enemy forces at sea to divert from one’s own coast and destroyed its entire strategy for shallow water operations. In general, П-750 type boat arsenal power than many larger submarines. П-750 model, but the boat is not suitable as SMX-22 submarine combat systems for small to use. “malachite” Design Bureau design similar to the SMX-22 system, mini-submarine warfare is the displacement of 650 tons of П-550-type boats or size slightly larger “than pull the fish-T”-type boats.
Russia П-750 mini-submarine. jpg (37.16 KB)
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Russia П-550 mini-submarine internal layout plan. jpg (51.63 KB)
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Russia “than pull the fish-T” mini-submarine internal layout plan . jpg (23.67 KB)
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being developed by a similar small-scale shallow submarine included Germany and Italy and other countries. For example, Germany’s TR200 and TR300-type boats, Italy MS200 -type boats, etc., but these countries to design a submarine, and stealth submarine deep inferior in terms of similar Russian-made submarines. Italian MS200 submarine standard displacement of 190 tons, equipped with two combat divers drag devices, two 533mm torpedoes, and 8 pieces sink to the bottom mines. In order to catch up with Russia, Germany, HDW company is the German Navy 212A-type boats (never used gas power plant) for the prototype development of 800-type submarines in shallow water. and some foreign media tend to put 800 boats and Germany for the construction of the Israeli navy The “Dolphin” class submarines confused, this is not correct, 800 boat is a new model has not yet put into production. HDW company said in its brochure, “800-type submarines specifically designed for modern shallow water operations . “The standard displacement of approximately 900 tons, the captain of nearly 50 meters, 5 meters in diameter hull, underwater maximum speed of 18, self-force of 28 days and nights. submarines can be equipped according to customer’s requirements 4 ~ 8 torpedo tubes , used to launch torpedoes and anti-ship cruise missiles. German designer also suggested that the future installation of fiber optic-guided anti-aircraft missiles to counter the threat of anti-submarine aircraft, the installation can be lifting small-caliber automatic cannons to fight anti-submarine helicopters, boats or terrorist molecules. In fact, many countries are seeking to strengthen the Navy’s submarine-to-air defense, but not necessarily the best way to install anti-aircraft missiles. Indeed, the submarine can be destroyed anti-aircraft weapons, a ~ 2 anti-submarine aircraft or helicopters, but its whereabouts will be exposed to, and invite the enemy’s follow-up anti-submarine air force attacks. Therefore, the submarine, the anti-aircraft missiles and antiaircraft artillery can be described as a “weapon of despair,” the submarine is still the best means of protection its hidden nature. while the light artillery deployed on the submarine there is the possibility of torpedoes and missiles because the current fast-moving boats and other small targets can not afford to.
German Type 800 submarine internal layout plan. jpg (27.42 KB)
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Italy MS200 mini-submarine. jpg (17.57 KB)
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and to 212 boats for the prototype development of 800 shallow submarine is not a German invention, St. Petersburg, Russia “Ruby” Central Design Bureau of marine technology and equipment in the 677-type submarines ( “Lada” class, export-type known as “Amur 1650″), was developed on the basis “Amur -550″ and “Amur -750″ small shallow submarine. In order to facilitate maintenance and reduce maintenance costs,coach bags, both using the same design and layout, equipment is also similar. modern combat submarines in shallow water while prices are low, but with a high combat effectiveness. in the near future, the shallow submarine underwater battle is bound to be the protagonist. (End)
use of closed-circuit diesel submarines Russia П-750Б internal layout plan. jpg (14.48 KB)
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use of air power unit must П-750Э Russian submarine internal layout plan. jpg (16.26 KB)
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German experts suggest that telescopic mast of the submarine device installed on the small-caliber automatic gun. jpg (9.4 KB)
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